植物修复在水环境生态修复中的应用

介绍了平原河网水资源现状及问题成因,对植物修复在水环境生态修复中的应用作了详细的论述,分析了其存在的问题,展望了植物修复应用的发展方向。     

Urban Stream Rehabilitation: A Design and Construction Case Study

/ This paper describes the fundamental design features, and construction methods and sequence, of a rehabilitation project on a small suburban creek in Moscow, Idaho, USA. A meandering channel pattern was reestablished for approximately 280 m of straightened, dredged channel, a new floodplain was excavated, and the new riparian zone was replanted. The new stream channel was sized to accommodate an estimated natural bankfull discharge ( approximately 5.6 cms), and floodplain design attempted to match the conveyance of the old enlarged channel (14-20 cms). The project was coordinated by a local nonprofit environmental organization, and the design and construction were tailored to donated materials and a largely volunteer labor force. A high-magnitude flood event (ca. 50-year recurrence interval) six months after construction had no significant impact on the newly constructed channel and revetments, but underscored the need for important detailing of the structures. The use of volunteer labor, while entailing certain benefits, complicates project planning and construction. The most general lesson learned from this project is that sponsoring agencies and clients need to be informed of the many steps and sequencing of properly constructed, complex stream rehabilitation projects as well as the high time and cost requirements for these tasks. KEY WORDS: Stream corridor restoration; Channel design; Streambank revetments     

生态修复技术在保护水库水源地中的应用

为改善和保证库区水体水质 ,有必要对生态系统受到破坏的水库水源地进行生态修复。结合水库水源地的自然、社会特点 ,提出对保护区内涧河、入库口门、库区等处及水土保持生态修复的设想 ,使水体水质得到净化 ,进而保证水库供水的可持续发展。     

深圳福田红树林生态系统生态恢复对策研究

红树林是具有独特结构与功能的生态系统 ,对退化红树林生态系统进行恢复与重建是提高红树林生态系统生物多样性的重要途径。分析了深圳福田红树林生态系统的退化状况 ,提出生态恢复的目标 ,并从水污染控制、红树植物引种驯化、丰富食物链和景观规划的角度提出生态恢复的措施 ,最后讨论有待进一步研究的问题。     

Boosting large-scale river connectivity restoration by planning for the presence of unrecorded barriers

Conservation decisions are invariably made with incomplete data on species’ distributions, habitats, and threats, but frameworks for allocating conservation investments rarely account for missing data. We examined how explicit consideration of missing data can boost return on investment in ecosystem restoration, focusing on the challenge of restoring aquatic ecosystem connectivity by removing dams and road crossings from rivers. A novel way of integrating the presence of unmapped barriers into a barrier optimization model was developed and applied to the U.S. state of Maine to maximize expected habitat gain for migratory fish. Failing to account for unmapped barriers during prioritization led to nearly 50% lower habitat gain than was anticipated using a conventional barrier optimization approach. Explicitly acknowledging that data are incomplete during project selection, however, boosted expected habitat gains by 20–273% on average, depending on the true number of unmapped barriers. Importantly, these gains occurred without additional data. Simply acknowledging that some barriers were unmapped, regardless of their precise number and location, improved conservation outcomes. Given incomplete data on ecosystems worldwide, our results demonstrate the value of accounting for data shortcomings during project selection.     

Integrating channel design and assessment methods based on sediment transport capacity in gravel bed streams

Natural channel design (NCD) and analytical channel design (ACD) are two competing approaches to stable channel design that share fundamental similarities in accounting for sediment transport processes with designs based on hybrid fluvial geomorphology and hydraulic engineering methods. In this paper, we highlight the linkage between ACD's capacity/supply ratio (CSR) and NCD's sediment capacity models (FLOWSED/POWERSED), illustrating how ACD and NCD have reached a point of convergent evolution within the stream restoration toolbox. We modified an existing CSR analytical spreadsheet tool which enabled us to predict relative channel stability using both conventional bed load transport equations and regional sediment regression curves. The stable channel design solutions based on measured data most closely matched the Parker (ACD) and/or Pagosa good/fair (NCD) relationships, which also showed the greatest CSR sensitivity in response to channel alterations. We found that CSR differences among the transport relationships became more extreme the further the design width deviated from the supply reach, suggesting that a stable upstream supply reach may serve as the best design analog. With this paper, we take a step toward resolving lingering controversy in the field of stream restoration, advancing the science and practice by reconciling key differences between ACD and NCD in the context of reach scale morphodynamics.     

对加快推进我国矿山生态修复的思考

绿色矿山建设是矿业领域践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的重要体现。本文从矿山生态修复的内涵到外延，从问题识别到任务措施，从单一治理修复目标到生态系统功能修复目标，从矿山生态修复系统到与经济社会发展系统相结合等多个方面，系统地梳理矿山生态修复的解决路径，围绕矿业绿色发展提出一系列建议。     

水位波动和植被恢复对三峡水库消落带土壤原核微生物群落结构的交互影响

水库消落带是典型的生态脆弱敏感区.水位波动是影响消落带土壤环境的主要因素,植被恢复是消落带土壤保育的重要手段.然而,在水库消落带中,水位波动和植被恢复对土壤微生物群落结构的交互影响尚不清楚.为此,选取三峡水库消落带中不同水位高程的撂荒草地和人工林地为研究对象,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术探究土壤原核微生物群落组成和多样性,并探讨驱动土壤原核微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.结果表明,消落带的低水位高程中土壤原核微生物α多样性最高,其中163 m高程的Pielou_e指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著高于168 m高程,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于173 m高程.但撂荒草地和人工林地的土壤菌群α多样性并无显著差异.同时,水位波动和植被恢复均对土壤原核微生物的群落组成产生显著影响,不同样地中生物标志物类别具有明显差异.值得注意的是,植被恢复模式差异对土壤原核微生物群落结构的影响强于水位波动.此外,层次分割结果显示土壤pH是三峡水库消落带土壤原核微生物群落结构变化的主要驱动因子.以上结果可深化对水库消落带土壤微生物群落结构的认识,并为水库消落带生态系统的恢复重建提供科学参考.     

论湖滨带的结构与生态功能

湖滨带作为陆地和湖泊之间的过渡带,是健康湖泊生态系统不可缺少的有机组成部分,属于生态交错带的一种. 明晰湖滨带的结构与生态功能对湖滨带及湖泊的水环境改善与生态修复十分重要. 随着水环境因子的梯度变化,湖滨带的空间结构在横向、纵向和轴向分布上都表现出明显的圈层结构特点. 横向结构由陆向辐射带、水位变幅带和水向辐射带组成;纵向结构由空气、水体、底泥构成;轴向结构则是不同岸段湖滨带的景观变化和层次结构,体现整个湖滨带的全貌和湖滨带类型的组合. 湖滨带的时间结构体现在湖滨带生物及其生境条件随着时间推移的演化规律上,并在“时-空结构”中和人的积极存在紧密联系在一起. 影响时间结构的因素包括生物节律、气候因子、水动力等. 湖滨带在生态环境方面的功能可归纳为6项:污染物截留与净化、捕集和抑制藻类、提高湖滨带的生物多样性、提供野生动植物栖息地、控制沉积和侵蚀、调蓄洪水.      

不同营养状态水体中生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响

为研究不同营养状态下水体中浮游植物群落对生态浮床系统的响应关系及其影响因素,设不同营养水平试验组〔A组ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)分别为10.0、2.00、0.200 mg/L,B组分别为100.0、20.00、2.000 mg/L〕,每组设对照、框式浮床2个处理,每个处理3个重复. 自2012年8月5日—10月5日,定期对水体营养盐质量浓度、浮游生物群落特征、浮床植物的生长状况进行检测. 结果显示:①2个试验组浮床植物长势良好,其中B组浮床植物茎叶部分干物质量增加7.9倍,浮床系统对水体N、P的净去除率均在60%以上;②浮床系统能明显抑制浮游植物的大量生长(P＜0.05),对浮游植物密度和总生物量在峰值处的最大抑制率可达75.9%(A组)和83.6%(B组);③框式浮床处理中浮游植物的群落结构比对照处理复杂,A组中浮游植物优势种为隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)和绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、小空星藻(Coelastrum microporum),B组为隐藻门的尖尾蓝隐藻和裸藻门的梭形裸藻(Euglena acus);④B组试验中,框式浮床处理浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于对照处理,生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响更多体现在提升浮游植物的生物多样性上. 研究表明,浮床系统能高效去除水体N、P,抑制浮游植物的增殖,改变浮游植物的群落结构,并且这些作用受到水体营养水平的影响.