池杉在三峡水库消落带生态修复中的适应性

冬季淹没和夏季干旱的交替作用会导致三峡水库消落带生态系统质量下降. 为了探索有效的生态系统修复方式,选用池杉树种开展了消落带林泽工程试验,并采用统计分析和RDA(冗余分析)排序对水淹胁迫下池杉的生长响应进行了研究. 结果表明:种植在海拔169 m以上的池杉经历两轮冬季淹水后成活率约为84.52%;树高、冠幅和枝叶密度平均变化量较小,分别为0.10 m、0.04 m和-0.11%,而胸径和枝下高变化明显,平均改变量分别为0.78 cm和-0.64 m;树高、胸径、冠幅和枝叶密度等指标变化率在没顶和部分淹水情况下存在显著差异. 部分淹水时,池杉对水淹胁迫的适应能力较强,随着淹水深度的增加,各生长指标变化量均呈下降趋势,部分植株有枯梢,没顶和部分淹水情况下枯梢率分别为43.56%和11.76%. RDA结果表明,水力条件和初始生长特征共同对淹水后池杉生长变化产生影响,二者对池杉生长指标变化的总体解释率为31.20%,独立解释率分别为11.90%、14.40%,共同解释率为4.90%. 池杉作为适应三峡水库消落带水位变动的本土耐淹树种,其经历水淹后的生长变化不仅与水位变动有关,同时也与其淹水前的生长状态有关. 研究结果有助于三峡水库消落带类似生态修复工程的进一步深入开展.      

Tears,fears and cheers: responses to the post‐disaster school relocation policy in China

This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study on the responses of Chinese school children in one junior middle school and their parents to China's post‐disaster school relocation policy. The sample comprised 22 pairs of parent–child dyads and two pupils whose parents could not be contacted. The study results were reported using Chambers and Wedel's (2009) conceptual framework, which delineates the fundamental elements of a policy. Content analysis was used to generate themes related to policy elements, such as goals, benefits and services. Both repetitive themes and idiosyncratic perspectives were reported so as to present a diversity of views. Despite adjustment difficulties and administrative problems reported by the study participants, the policy attention given to the rapid restoration of formal schooling for children was generally appreciated. The move back to the new school was greeted with cheer.     

蠡湖水环境综合整治工程实施前后水质及水生态差异

为探讨水环境综合治理工程措施对蠡湖水生态环境的改善效果,对工程实施前后蠡湖水生态环境的变化及趋势进行了分析. 结果表明,水环境综合治理工程实施后,蠡湖水质明显好转,水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)和ρ(Chla)年均值显著下降(P<0.01),ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(Chla)分别由综合治理前 (1992—2002年平均值) 的5.77、0.19 mg/L和59.90 μg/L降至综合治理后的3.13、0.13 mg/L和27.12 μg/L,ρ(COD_Mn)则由7.09 mg/L降至5.00 mg/L以下;表层沉积物中w(OM)、w(TN)和w(TP)分别由2001年的40.40、1.19、2.61 g/kg降至2012年的19.60、1.16、0.59 g/kg;2012年生态修复工程区内初步形成了一个水生植物较为完整的生态系统. 综合整治后,水质改善效果明显,但部分水体感观指标〔如ρ(TSS)、SD(透明度)〕改善效果不明显,底栖动物优势种群仍为耐污种,生态系统完全恢复还需时日. 因此,有必要进一步开展以提高透明度、恢复沉水植物为核心的生态优化调控,促进蠡湖由藻型浊水稳态向草型清水稳态转变.      

华南退化生态系统三种典型生态恢复模式的小气候效应研究

为了评价南亚热带典型退化生态系统典型生态恢复模式的小气候调节效应,从而为退化生态系统生态恢复方式和造林树种的选择提供参照,作者在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的3种典型生态恢复模式样地,自然恢复草坡、马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）、马占相思林（Acacia mangium）中安装了HOBO小气候仪,对光辐射、风速风向、降水、土壤含水量、地温、气温等小气候指标进行为期1年的自动观测,并进行了对比分析,结果表明,（1）华南退化生态系统3种典型生态恢复模式具有不同的小气候效应,在林间温度调节方面,人工林和草坡的平均林间温度相差不大,但草坡的最低、最高温度均比人工林低和高。人工林的林间温度变化较草坡小,具有更好的保温调节作用。对比2种人工林,不管是平均温度还是最高温度马占相思林都略大于针叶林,而二者最低温度相差不明显。针叶林的保温调节作用略优于阔叶的马占相思林;（2）在土壤温度方面,地表温度全年基本都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,草坡的地表温度的波动远大于2种人工林;全年20 cm土壤温度3─12月都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,1─2月相反,草坡20 cm土层的土壤温度波动相对较大,人工林的波动很小。（3）3种恢复模式中,自然恢复草坡的辐射强度明显高于2种人工林,年辐射总量分别马占相思林和针叶林的1.9和5.8倍,马占相思林的年辐射量为针叶林的3倍。人工林,特别是乡土的针叶林能给林下生物构建更为稳定、适中的辐射环境。（4）人工林的平均林间风速、最大阵风风速均少于草坡,针叶林的风速小于阔叶林,针叶林降低风速的效果好于相思林和草坡。（5）人工林的林间相对湿度均高于草坡,针叶林的林间空气湿度略大于相思林,针叶林的保湿效果更好。在退化生态系统恢复过程中?     

The Brown Trout Population at Loch Fleet Eight Years After Liming

Abstract

At the start of the Loch Fleet Project in 1984, the Loch and the upper 7 km of its efferent stream were found to be devoid of trout (Salmo trutta) as a result of acidification. Following the liming treatments applied to the catchment, from 1986 the formerly toxic water quality conditions (pH ～ 4.5, calcium ～ 1 mgl^?1, elevated aluminium and heavy metal levels) were eliminated, and trout were reintroduced on two occasions, in 1987 and 1988. A total of 520 fish were stocked, at a combined density equivalent to 5.5 kg ha^?1. Surveys of the loch and stream populations were carried out annually until 1993 to monitor their development, using a range of techniques, including electrofishing, gill-netting, seine-netting, spawner trapping and mark-release recapture methods. Length and scale- analysis were used to investigate fish growth.

The trout population in Loch Fleet expanded rapidly as a result of natural spawning in the loch's main feeder stream, augmented by the use of an artificial spawning bed which was constructed at the loch outlet in 1990. in mid-1983 the stock density, estimated by mark-recapture census methods, had increased to 24.9 kg ha^?1. Poor recruitment in the years 1991–93, however, reduced the rate of expansion and resulted in a population comprising mainly older individuals. the poor recruitment in these years was not fully explained but was not caused by water quality and was most likely a result of fry washout by spring spates.

Fish growth rates were high initially and were estimated on the basis of the Elliott trout growth model to be optimal for the prevailing water temperature regime of the loch. By 1991, growth rates had fallen, probably as a result of competition for food, but showed signs of recovery towards the end of the study period in 1993, following the period of lower population densities of young fish.

Trout rapidly repopulated the loch's outlet stream after 1987 but have remained sparse and have shown no signs of spawning within most of the stream. Water analyses have shown that the liming of the Loch Fleet catchment has minimal impact on downstream waters when flows are high, so that potentially toxic acid episodes have not been prevented.     

治理修复型水生态补偿问题分析

流域生态补偿已成为水文水资源领域的一个热门研究课题,也是解决水资源开发利用过程中区域用水矛盾、生态破坏的一种有效途径。从流域生态破坏的不同层面和根源出发,结合流域整体协调发展的管理策略和行动计划,给出流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施目标。从双方自由博弈纳什均衡的层面出发,进行实施流域水生态补偿的经济最优条件分析;结合生态补偿产生的经济学原理,给出影响流域水生态补偿实施的相关性分析。针对流域生态治理中遇到的实际问题,阐述影响流域治理修复型水生态补偿的实施细节。     

地下水六价铬运移的仿真及场地修复限值探讨

根据渗流理论,考虑地下水中水头变化的影响,利用COMSOL软件,对六价铬在地下水中的运移进行数值模拟,得到地下水压力水头和六价铬在地下水中的迁移变化规律,为六价铬对地下水的污染研究和预测提供重要的分析数据。并借此计算得出场地地下水的修复指导限值为3.17 mg/kg。     

再生水补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护技术体系研究应用—以圆明园为例

提出了"再生水水源补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护技术体系",并在圆明园开展了推广应用,设计建设了近70 hm2再生水水源补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护示范区.结果表明,该技术可有效改善水体景观、水质及水生态状况:浊度明显降低,示范区浊度大多小于3NTU(饮用水浊度国家标准1NTU),感官效果明显优于修复前;总磷平均...     

长江三角洲城市内河环境治理的居民支付意愿比较研究 ——上海、南京与杭州实例调查

应用意愿价值评估法(CVM)的技术调查上海、南京和杭州城市内河环境治理的居民支付意愿,并探讨研究结果是否在城市间保持稳定.基于1258份问卷的统计分析,结果显示:上海、南京和杭州居民的支付意愿均值分别为20.5,25.4,20.3元/(户×月);进一步的线性对数模型分析结果表明,收入、环境意识等变量在3城市都呈现显著影响,而户籍、教育等因素在各城市模型中存在显著性差异;3城市混合数据模型显示,南京样本支付意愿显著高于其他2城市样本,杭州与上海调查样本无显著性差异.上述结果揭示了不同城市居民对城市内河治理的支付意愿呈现稳定性,为意愿价值评估法在我国不同区域间的“效益转移”研究提供了实证支持.但另一方面,参数模型表现出一定的差异,需要对模型作进一步的优化.     

碳素纤维对富营养化水体的水质改善与对藻类群落结构的影响

以北京朝阳区清河水为原水,开展碳素纤维生物修复试验,考察生物膜从形成到成熟及处理过程中碳素纤维外观、生物相结构、氮磷浓度及藻类群落结构的变化. 结果表明,碳素纤维在3 d内挂膜成功且生物相丰富,说明其生物亲和性强,吸附性能好. 碳素纤维生物膜对氮、磷具有较好的去除效果,TN、TP、NH₄+-N去除率分别达40%、60%、98%,其中对氮、磷的去除以吸附水体中颗粒态污染物为主. 碳素纤维生物膜对富营养化水体藻类的增殖有明显的抑制作用,尤其对蓝藻的抑制作用显著,藻类总密度和蓝藻密度达到最大值的时间与对照组相比延迟6 d,且藻类总密度及蓝藻密度都低于对照组. 碳素纤维生物膜还影响水体中的藻类群落结构,试验期间水体中以硅藻为主,蓝藻所占比例平均为22.4%,而对照组中以蓝绿藻占优,蓝藻平均所占比例高达47.2%.