南方涝渍地区退田还渔的一个实例分析

以江汉平原四湖涝渍地区的一个经围湖造田形成的典型农业微域为研究对象,在对其土壤和作物生长状况进行调查的基础上,探讨了退田还渔的必要性与具体方案。结果表明,对小型湖泊通过围湖造田所形成的农业微域,在人工排水和土地平整不充分的情况下,其地貌和土壤还残留有原有湖泊的影响,处于原湖泊低处的土壤表现出明显的沼泽化和严重潜育化的特征。在该地区种植水稻产量比正常地区减产达16%～26.8%。利用数量化理论Ⅰ确定了该地区适宜退田还渔的具体位置和面积。按照这一方案实施的结果,该地区从1997～2001年的5年中精养鱼塘面积增加9倍,养鱼的效益比种植水稻高5～10倍,还减轻了该地区夏季和冬季的排水压力。     

Effects of Riparian Vegetation and Watershed Urbanization on Fishes in Streams of the Mid‐Atlantic Piedmont (USA)1

Abstract: The joint influences of riparian vegetation and urbanization on fish assemblages were analyzed by depletion sampling in paired forested and nonforested reaches of 25 small streams along an urbanization gradient. Nonforested reaches were narrower than their forested counterparts, so densities based on surface area differ from linear densities (based on reach length). Linear densities (based on number or biomass of fish) of American eel, white sucker and tesselated darter, and the proportion of biomass of benthic invertivores were significantly higher in nonforested reaches, while linear densities of margined madtom and the number of pool species were significantly higher in forested reaches. Observed riparian effects may reflect differences in habitat and algal productivity between forested and nonforested reaches. These results suggest that relatively small‐scale riparian restoration projects can affect local geomorphology and the abundance of fish. Dense vegetative cover in riparian zones and similar or analogous habitats in both forested and nonforested reaches, the relatively small scale of the nonforested reaches, and the low statistical power to detect differences in abundance of rare species may have limited the observed differences between forested and nonforested reaches. There was a strong urbanization gradient, with reductions of intolerant species and increases of tolerant species and omnivores with increasing urbanization. Interactions between riparian vegetation type and urbanization were found for blacknose dace, creek chub, tesselated darter, and the proportion of biomass of lithophilic spawners. The study did not provide consistent support for the hypotheses that responses of fish to riparian vegetation would be overwhelmed by urban degradation or insignificant at low urbanization.     

Spatial cost–benefit analysis of blue restoration and factors driving net benefits globally

Marine coastal ecosystems, commonly referred to as blue ecosystems, provide valuable services to society but are under increasing threat worldwide due to a variety of drivers, including eutrophication, development, land-use change, land reclamation, and climate change. Ecological restoration is sometimes necessary to facilitate recovery in coastal ecosystems. Blue restoration (i.e., in marine coastal systems) is a developing field, and projects to date have been small scale and expensive, leading to the perception that restoration may not be economically viable. We conducted a global cost–benefit analysis to determine the net benefits of restoring coral reef, mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass ecosystems, where the benefit is defined as the monetary value of ecosystem services. We estimated costs from published restoration case studies and used an adjusted-value-transfer method to assign benefit values to these case studies. Benefit values were estimated as the monetary value provided by ecosystem services of the restored habitats. Benefits outweighed costs (i.e., there were positive net benefits) for restoration of all blue ecosystems. Mean benefit:cost ratios for ecosystem restoration were eight to 10 times higher than prior studies of coral reef and seagrass restoration, most likely due to the more recent lower cost estimates we used. Among ecosystems, saltmarsh had the greatest net benefits followed by mangrove; coral reef and seagrass ecosystems had lower net benefits. In general, restoration in nations with middle incomes had higher (eight times higher in coral reefs and 40 times higher in mangroves) net benefits than those with high incomes. Within an ecosystem type, net benefit varied with restoration technique (coral reef and saltmarsh), ecosystem service produced (mangrove and saltmarsh), and project duration (seagrass). These results challenge the perceptions of the low economic viability of blue restoration and should encourage further targeted investment in this field.     

青藏公路取土场高寒草原植被的恢复进程

按照青藏公路建设和整修的不同阶段,利用样方调查植被空间分布变化,得出高寒草原植被的自然演替进程遵循以下规律,在工程结束2年,8年,26年后,群落植被覆盖度和生物多样性指标分别达到原生植被的2%～4%,6%～23%;32%～54%,46%～50%;95%以上和100%左右.青藏公路沿线高寒草原植被的人为破坏影响是明显的,植被的自然恢复需要20年左右的时间.工程建设破坏面积大于1500m2,植被难以恢复,土壤沙化和水土流失,影响周边地区生态环境质量.因此,在青藏铁路工程建设中首先应当减少对地形地貌的破坏,其次应当重视对地表土壤的保护并辅助人工植被恢复措施,促进植被的自然恢复.     

塔里木河下游胡杨对输水的生态响应

对塔里木河下游不同离河距离成过熟胡杨和输水后更新胡杨胸径、地径、树高、冠幅、枯枝比以及优势胡杨百分比的调查表明:随离河距离增加(地下水埋深增加),胡杨(大树)枯枝比增加,优势胡杨百分比降低;胸径、树高、冠幅随离河距离增加,增减规律不明显。输水后萌蘖更新胡杨的树高、冠幅和地径均随离河距离增加而降低。以上调查指标确定胡杨输水后恢复等级,离河50~300 m胡杨整体恢复"优",离河300~500 m胡杨恢复"良",离河500~1 050m胡杨恢复"中",离河1 050~1 500 m胡杨对输水响应微弱,整体恢复"差"。胡杨具明显的随离河距离增加恢复等级降低的梯度响应特征,生态输水促进了河畔带胡杨的恢复,水是制约塔里木河下游胡杨生长与恢复的关键因子。     

重庆长江广阳岛生态修复设计与实践探索

广阳岛的生态修复设计以"长江风景眼,重庆生态岛"为价值追求,聚焦"生态"和"风景".生态修复设计围绕"摸清本底、自然恢复、生态修复、增加生物多样性"四个核心方面展开,通过运用土壤改良技术、海绵理水技术和生态疏田技术等生态修复技术提升生态修复科技内涵,使生态修复后的广阳岛以生态为魂、以风景为象.一期按照四种模式完成生态修...     

国内外采矿废弃地生态恢复研究进展

采矿废弃地的生态恢复是目前恢复生态学的一个研究热点.对于采矿废弃地进行生态恢复有着十分重要的理论和现实意义.本文对国内外的采矿废弃地的生态恢复历史与现状作了一个较为系统地回顾与总结,同时还运用恢复生态学理论,分析了采矿废弃地的类型和特点,总结了目前采矿废弃地生态恢复的主要措施和技术以及不足之处.     

Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity,Flow Regime,and Scale1

Opperman, Jeffrey J., Ryan Luster, Bruce A. McKenney, Michael Roberts, and Amanda Wrona Meadows, 2010. Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):211-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00426.x Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptual model that captures key attributes of ecologically functional floodplains, encompassing three basic elements: (1) hydrologic connectivity between the river and the floodplain, (2) a variable hydrograph that reflects seasonal precipitation patterns and retains a range of both high and low flow events, and (3) sufficient spatial scale to encompass dynamic processes and for floodplain benefits to accrue to a meaningful level. Although floodplains support high levels of biodiversity and some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, they are also among the most converted and threatened ecosystems and therefore have recently become the focus of conservation and restoration programs across the United States and globally. These efforts seek to conserve or restore complex, highly variable ecosystems and often must simultaneously address both land and water management. Thus, such efforts must overcome considerable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic challenges. In addition to proposing a scientific conceptual model, this paper also includes three case studies that illustrate methods for addressing these technical and socioeconomic challenges within projects that seek to promote ecologically functional floodplains through river-floodplain reconnection and/or restoration of key components of hydrological variability.     

MUNICIPAL RESPONSES TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WISCONSIN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: Contamination of ground water supplies with volatile organic compounds is a new and significant problem. Municipalities and their community water systems are often the first to discover ground water contamination because of the monitoring programs they are required to carry out. When contamination exceeds standards, some action is required. The responses of Wisconsin municipalities to volatile organic compounds that exceed standards in their ground water sources is described. Actions to protect human health are prompt, but the survey results indicate plumes of contaminated ground water are usually not treated. They may continue to migrate and contaminate other private and public wells.     

实验条件下生态修复过程中微型生物群落演替研究

在实验室恒流－－修复微生态系统中，通过健康水体来对武汉东湖污染程度不同的水体进行持续替换，以模拟受不同程度污染胁迫的自然水体恢复过程，其间定期测定微型生物群落的中结构和功能参数，通过其变动机制和规律，再现修复过程中微型生物群落的演替过程，并从生态学角度提出了东湖5个受到不同程度污染水体得到修复的换水库。