典型材料屋面积尘重金属形态分布与风险评估

以华南地区4种典型材料屋面(瓷砖、混凝土、金属和沥青)为研究对象,采用改进式BCR连续提取法对其屋面积尘中10种重金属(Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sr和Zn)进行形态分析与风险评估.结果表明,屋面积尘重金属平均含量明显高于道路积尘.形态分析表明,Zn的酸溶态比例明显高于其他重金属,Pb和Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余重金属均以残渣态为主;屋面积尘重金属可移动态比例表现为PbZnCuMnCoSrSbNiBaCr,其中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Co可移动态比例均超过50%.环境风险评估发现,污染指数(Cf)与风险评价编码指数(RAC)最大值均为Zn,其生态风险较高.健康风险评估表明,屋面积尘重金属对成人与儿童非致癌风险均表现为:PbCrSbZnMnCuBaNiCoSr,其对成人非致癌风险均小于安全限值,不构成威胁,但Pb对儿童的非致癌风险高于安全限值,形成威胁;屋面积尘中Cr、Co和Ni低于致癌风险阈值,对人体无致癌风险.     

论环境行政程序在环境法治中的作用

从严执法是实现环境保护目标，做好环境保护工作的客观需要。近几年来，我们环境执法取得了很大进展，但是，实践中有法不依、执法不严、违法不究的现象仍在一定范围内普遍存在。要彻底改变环境执法现状，提高执法效率，就必须完善环境执法程序，使环境执法规范化、程化。     

我国城市污泥中重金属的赋存形态与生态风险评价

为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属（HMs）的形态特征和污染状况,本研究以我国40座城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,对污泥中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的总量以及赋存形态进行了测定.采用毒液浸出法（TCLP）、风险评价编码法（RAC）和潜在生态风险指数法评价了其生态风险.结果表明,40个样品中重金属含量的中位值由大到小依次为：Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cd,各元素整体达标率>90%.As的各形态分布较为平均;Cd和Zn以可还原态为主;Cr主要以残渣态的形式存在,其次为可氧化态和可还原态;Cu主要以可氧化态的形式存在;Ni主要以可交换态的形式存在;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态的形式存在,可交换态的含量最低.TCLP提取态重金属的比例大小顺序为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr,所有样品中Pb的TCLP提取态含量均低于检出限;RAC法评价结果显示,7种重金属环境风险大小依次为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb,Ni的生态风险等级为高等,Zn、As和Cd的生态风险等级为中等,Cr和Cu的生态风险等级为低等,Pb无生态风险;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,城市污泥中Cd和Cu的潜在生态风险最高,是我国城市污泥中主要的重金属污染物,但是如果按照国家标准规定的方法进行农用,造成土壤污染的风险总体处于较低水平.     

近海赤潮发生与环境条件之间的关系

根据近20a来的有关资料，综述了近海赤潮发生与气象，水文，化学及生物等环境条件之间的关系。结果表明，赤潮发生与气象，水文，化学及生物条件之间的关系非常密切，但目前这些关系的研究多数只停留在定性分析上，而定量和半定量的研究则很少，有关环境条件对赤潮发生机理的影响尚不清楚，有待进一步深入研究。     

国内《安全系统工程》教材的评述与展望

《安全系统工程》教材高质量编写和出版对高级安全人才的安全系统理论与实践水平的培养具有重要意义。本文首先对国内30多年来出版的《安全系统工程》教材内容进行分析,评述现有《安全系统工程》教材存在的问题和不足,并提出建议对策;然后,从安全系统工程的基础术语和《安全系统工程》新教材的提纲2方面对新教材的编写提出展望。研究表明:安全系统工程新教材编写需要充分体现系统工程思想及其基础理论、内容需要不断更新并与国际接轨,这样的教材才能对安全系统工程的教学和科研更具参考价值。     

Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human–bird conflicts

Because of the significant impacts on both human interests and bird conservation, it is imperative to identify patterns and anticipate drivers of human–bird conflicts (HBCs) worldwide. Through a global systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analyzed the socioeconomic factors and bird ecological traits driving the degree of knowledge and extent of HBCs. We included 166 articles published from 1971 to 2020 in our analyses through which we built a profile of the socioeconomic conditions of 52 countries with reported conflicts and the ecological traits of the 161 bird species involved in HBCs. Although HBC expanded worldwide, it had the greatest impact in less-developed countries (estimate 0. 66 [SE 0.13], p< 0.05), where agriculture is critical for rural livelihoods. Species with a relatively greater conflict extent had a relatively broader diet (estimate 0.80 [SE 0.22], p<0.05) and an increasing population trend (estimate 0.58 [SE 0.15], p<0.05) and affected human interests, such as agriculture and livestock raising. In countries with greater biodiversity, HBCs caused greater socioeconomic impacts than in more developed countries. Our results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing HBCs from multiple perspectives (ecological, sociocultural, and political) to effectively protect both biodiversity and local livelihoods.     

Modification of uncertainty analysis in adapted material flow analysis: Case study of nitrogen flows in the Day-Nhue River Basin,Vietnam

Nitrogen flows impacted by human activities in the Day-Nhue River Basin in northern Vietnam have been modeled using adapted material flow analysis (MFA). This study introduces a modified uncertainty analysis procedure and its importance in MFA. We generated a probability distribution using a Monte Carlo simulation, calculated the nitrogen budget for each process and then evaluated the plausibility under three different criterion sets. The third criterion, with one standard deviation of the budget value as the confidence interval and 68% as the confidence level, could be applied to effectively identify hidden uncertainties in the MFA system. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for revising parameters, followed by the reassessment of the model structure by revising equations or flow regime, if necessary. The number of processes that passed the plausibility test increased from five to nine after reassessment of model uncertainty with a greater model quality. The application of the uncertainty analysis approach to this case study revealed that the reassessment of equations in the aquaculture process largely changed the results for nitrogen flows to environments. The significant differences were identified as increased nitrogen load to the atmosphere and to soil/groundwater (17% and 41%, respectively), and a 58% decrease in nitrogen load to surface water. Thus, modified uncertainty analysis was considered to be an important screening system for ensuring quality of MFA modeling.     

论环境刑事诉讼上诉期间生态修复行为的法律定性

环境刑事诉讼上诉期间的生态环境修复行为逐渐被一些地方法院在二审程序中作为从宽减刑的情节考察。虽然此举有益于激励环境刑事被告人积极履行环境恢复义务,然则在未有明文规定的先决条件下贸然将其纳入从宽量刑考量,也许会打破传统二审救济纠错的应然功能设计,使得环境刑事诉讼二审功能的实现存在矛盾偏差。由是对于上诉期间发生的生态修复行为的法律定性,应明确归属于判决后刑罚执行阶段的减刑情节予以考量,并且为配合化解此类矛盾,我国须及时制定相应的专门法规、适用原则和配套制度措施,从而最大限度发挥生态修复行为在环境刑事诉讼中的效用。     

海洋环境公益诉讼的制度定位及体系完善

《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款规定了海洋环境监管部门代表国家排他性提起损害赔偿的诉讼制度,为海洋环境公益提供了特殊的诉讼保护方式。因该项制度设计的粗疏以及关联政策、立法回应不足,造成对该条款规定的理论解释困惑和制度适用障碍,导致提起海洋环境公益诉讼的主体类型受限、海洋环境公益保护诉讼程序衔接不畅、海洋环境监管部门"两种角色"手段配合不当的突出问题,直接限制了环境公益诉讼制度在海洋环境保护领域的功能发挥。破解这一问题的关键在于阐明海洋环境公益保护背后的诉讼法律关系和应用法理,完善海洋环境公益保护诉讼制度体系,实现海洋环境保护的诉权利益调整和诉讼秩序优化。重点是打破现有研究的思维定式,避免将《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款规定的诉讼类型推演为海洋环境公益诉讼并作为讨论前提,明确该条款规定为带有维护海洋环境公益特点的"准环境公益诉讼",将其与"私益诉讼""国益诉讼""环境公益诉讼"进行合理界分,为海洋环境公益诉讼的发展提供制度空间,理顺各类型诉讼和保护机制之间的关系。在此之下,完善海洋环境监管部门"两种角色"作用发挥的制度设计,保障环境行政手段与诉讼保护手段之间的衔接配合,理顺海洋环境公益保护各类型诉讼提起的顺位与程序,促进各类诉讼手段各归其位,形成与行政保护机制的合力,最终实现对海洋生态环境的整体性保护。