上海郊区旱作农田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验,研究了上海郊区旱作农田氮素降雨径流和降雨渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明:平水年重质土麦地总氮流失负荷为18. 38 kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为4. 4kg·hm-2,渗漏为13. 98kg·hm-2;菜地总氮流失量为55. 65kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为21. 6kg·hm-2,渗漏为34. 05kg·hm-2;旱田氮素流失以硝态氮为主,占总氮90%左右。施用有机肥可较大幅度地减少旱田的氮素渗漏流失。     

流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例

针对国内外现有模型的不足，从我国的实际出发，建立了一个完整的流域非点源污染模型系统，提出了流域汇流与非点源污染物迁移逆高斯分布瞬时单位线模型及流域产污过程模型，该模型既考虑了水动力学与污染物迁移机理，又便于求解与应用，在一定程度上解决了机理与实用性之间的矛盾。     

森林-水资源系统的理论分析

本文认为,应当从森林-水资源系统出发研究森林与水资源的关系。并提出了一个分析森林-水资源系统产流过程的仿真模拟方法,得出在一定条件下,有森林植被的地方可能会比无森林植被的地方产生更多的能够为人类所利用的水资源的结论;进一步提出了构成最佳水资源生成系统的四项条件。作者分析了森林对降雨的影响,认为二次降雨和水平降雨对水资源量的直接影响很小;由于森林是大气的特殊下垫面具有软边界和强烈的物质能量变换的特点,加之森林蒸散的水汽和释放的凝结核等因素,可能会影响大气垂直降雨的空间分布,或提高产生降雨的可能性,从而使有林地区有增雨效果。最后对森林-水资源的研究方法提出了几点建议。     

霍林河中游径流量序列的多时间尺度特征及其效应分析

霍林河是松嫩平原西部地区科尔沁、向海和查干湖湿地的重要补给水源。通过对其中游白云胡硕水文测站46a的年径流量序列的多时间尺度分析,探讨霍林河径流演变的近似周期性,识别霍林河径流变化对其下游洪泛湿地水源补给的规律,以及这种规律控制下的洪泛湿地环境演变。小波分析表明,霍林河白云胡硕水文站年径流序列主要存在3个尺度的周期变化,不同时间尺度下周期信号的强弱在时频域中的分布具有较强的局部特征,以大于30a尺度的年代际周期变化起主导作用,该尺度下,霍林河径流演变呈现出丰、枯、丰的交替振荡,下游洪泛湿地景观演变相应表现出阶段性特征,1990年代以前尤为突出。能量相对较弱的中、小时间尺度径流量周期性变化,与强烈的人类干扰活动相比,对下游洪泛湿地环境演变的作用效果不明显,突出表现在1990年代以后。     

暴雨径流固态污染物旋流分离研究

旋流分离技术在暴雨径流污染控制中的应用是一项新兴的污染控制技术。本文结合滇池流域暴雨径流中固态污染物构成的特征，利用传统的旋流分离技术和复合流场旋流分离技术来实现暴雨径流中固态污染物的去除。通过现场试验，探讨了旋流分离技术的主要技术参数以及他们之间的内在联系。     

An Application of the T‐TEL Assessment Method to Evaluate Connectivity in a Lake‐Dominated Watershed after Drought

Lakes are landscape features that influence connectivity of mass and energy by being foci for the reception, mixing, and provision of water and material. Where lake fractions are high, they influence hydrological connectivity. This behavior was exemplified in the Baker Creek watershed in Canada's Northwest Territories during a two‐year drought in which many lake levels declined below outlet elevations. This study evaluated how lakes controlled surface runoff connectivity reestablishment following the drought using a new assessment method, T‐TEL (time scales — thresholds, excesses, losses). Analysis of daily data showed that during a summer period following the drought, connectivity occurred between 0% and 41% of the time. The size of run‐of‐the‐river lakes relative to their upstream watershed area, and the upstream lake fraction, are two factors for connectivity. These terms represent a lake's ability to control the size of storage deficits relative to rainfall, and evaporation and storage losses along pathways. The connectivity magnitude–duration curve only aligned with the watershed flow duration curve during high‐water conditions, implying lakes functioned as individuals rather than as part of a perennial watercourse during much of the study. The T‐TEL method can be used to quantify consistent metrics of hydrologic connectivity that can be used for regionalization exercises and understanding hydrologic controls on material transport.     

Representing the Connectivity of Upland Areas to Floodplains and Streams in SWAT+

In recent years, watershed modelers have put increasing emphasis on capturing the interaction of landscape hydrologic processes instead of focusing on streamflow at the watershed outlet alone. Understanding the hydrologic connectivity between landscape elements is important to explain the hydrologic response of a watershed to rainfall events. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool+ (SWAT+) is a new version of SWAT with improved runoff routing capabilities. Subbasins may be divided into landscape units (LSUs), e.g., upland areas and floodplains, and flow can be routed between these LSUs. We ran three scenarios representing different extents of connectivity between uplands, floodplains, and streams. In the first and second scenarios, the ratio of channelized flow from the upland to the stream and sheet flow from the upland to the floodplain was 70/30 and 30/70, respectively, for all upland/floodplain pairs. In the third scenario, the ratio was calculated for each upland/floodplain pair based on the upland/floodplain area ratio. Results indicate differences in streamflow were small, but the relative importance of flow components and upland areas and floodplains as sources of surface runoff changed. Also, the soil moisture in the floodplains was impacted. The third scenario was found to provide more realistic results than the other two. A realistic representation of connectivity in watershed models has important implications for the identification of pollution sources and sinks.     

大靖河径流变化特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应

流域径流变化及其影响因素的研究对流域水资源的可持续开发利用以及改善流域的生态环境具有重要意义。以大靖河流域1956—2016年水文气象数据为基础,分析了近61 a来大靖河径流的年内、年际变化特征,并定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：大靖河径流年内分配不均,主要集中在7—10月,占全年径流的60.98%;1956年以来大靖河径流以1.1×10⁵ m³?a^?1的速率递减,Hurst指数为0.69,表明大靖河径流在未来一段时间将继续呈递减趋势;大靖河径流存在4个震荡周期,分别为2—5 a、8—13 a、17—24 a及35—45 a左右,降水的震荡周期（8—13 a、17—24 a及35—47 a）与径流周期具有较好的一致性;气候变化对大靖河径流减少的贡献率为4.7%,人类活动的贡献率为95.3%,这可能与研究区土地利用方式变化有关。     

透水/不透水格局特征对汇水单元径流污染的影响

深入揭示透水/不透水下垫面格局特征（组成、位置和比例等）对城市地块汇水单元地表径流及污染产生能力的影响,对减轻城市内涝及控制面源污染具有重要意义.利用景观格局指数分析透水/不透水下垫面格局特征与地表径流总量（Q）、溶解态污染物累积负荷（L_d）和颗粒态污染物累积负荷（L_p）之间的关系.结果表明：①表征破碎度的斑块密度（PD）与最大斑块指数（LPI）分别与Q和L_d呈正、负相关,PD与L_d呈显著正相关（r=0.59,P<0.05,以COD计）,LPI与L_d呈显著负相关（r=-0.60,P<0.05,以COD计）;②表征复杂度的景观形状指数（LSI）和平均斑块形状（MSI）分别与Q和L_p呈正、负相关性,LSI与L_p呈显著正相关（r=0.61,P<0.05,以TP计）,MSI与L_p呈极显著负相关（r=-0.62,P<0.01,以TP计）;③表征聚散度的内聚力指数（COHESION）和分散指数（SPLIT）分别与Q和L_d呈负、正相关性,COHESION与L_d呈显著负相关（r=-0.59,P<0.05,以COD计）,SPLIT与L_d呈显著正相关（r=0.6,P<0.05,以COD计）;④在城市小尺度透水面格局规划上,适量减少细小规则斑块的散乱分布,增加较大的不规则斑块或斑块群,对有效调控地表径流及污染有积极影响.通过透水/不透水面的破碎度、复杂度和聚散度与汇水区单元径流产生和污染输出的相关性分析,以期从格局特征（面积、距离和形状等）考虑合理配置LID设施调控径流污染提供新思路.     

防渗型生物滞留中试系统降雨径流水质与三维荧光特征

构建了两套防渗型生物滞留中试系统,在2017年3~4月期间,跟踪监测了系统在低温小强度降雨条件下的径流水质特点,并同步分析了降雨径流的三维荧光光谱特征.系统降雨径流水质监测结果表明,经系统净化后,出水污染物浓度波动较小,对NH_4~+-N和TP均有相对稳定的去除效率,可分别达到78.38%~95.03%和72.04%~76.04%.荧光光谱特征分析表明,生物滞留系统出水中的主要溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matters,DOMs)为蛋白类物质和类腐殖质物质,主要来自生物或水生细菌代谢物;系统对于Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区蛋白类荧光有机物和类富里酸具有较好的去除效果,去除率可分别达到57.33%~61.30%、29.82%~31.28%和35.55%~43.16%.径流水质与DOMs相关性分析表明,系统径流出水中的TN、TP和TOC均与芳香类蛋白质含量呈显著正相关关系,而NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N与芳香类蛋白质含量呈显著负相关关系;TN浓度均与Ⅳ区DOMs(微生物代谢产物)和V区DOMs(类胡敏酸)呈显著负相关关系.