Application of encapsulation (pH-sensitive polymer and phosphate buffer macrocapsules): a novel approach to remediation of acidic ground water

Macrocapsules, composed of a pH-sensitive polymer and phosphate buffer, offer a novel remediation alternative for acidic ground waters. To test their potential effectiveness, laboratory experiments were carried out followed by a field trial within a coal pile runoff (CPR) acidic contaminant plume. Results of traditional limestone and macrocapsule treatments were compared in both laboratory and field experiments. Macrocapsules were more effective than limestone as a passive treatment for raising pH in well water from 2.5 to 6 in both laboratory and field experiments. The limestone treatments had limited impact on pH, only increasing pH as high as 3.3, and armoring by iron was evident in the field trial. Aluminum, iron and sulfate concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the experiments, but phosphate increased (0.15-32 mg/L), indicating macrocapsule release. This research confirmed that macrocapsules may be an effective alternative to limestone to treat highly acidic ground water.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China: assessment of mass loading, input source and environmental fate

A large-scale sampling program was conducted to simultaneously collect water samples at the eight major riverine runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China to assess the importance of riverine runoff in transporting anthropogenic pollutants from terrestrial sources to the coastal ocean. The concentrations of ∑₂₁OCPs (sum of 21 OCP components) and ∑₂₀PCBs (sum of 20 PCB congeners) were 2.57-41.2 and 0.12-1.47 ng/L, respectively. Compositional distributions of DDTs suggested the possibility of new input sources in the study area, but contributions from dicofol seemed considerably low. The annual inputs of ∑₂₁OCPs and ∑₂₀PCBs were 3090 and 215 kg, with those of total HCHs and DDTs being 1110 and 1020 kg, respectively. A mass balance consideration indicated that riverine runoff is the major mode carrying OCPs from the PRD to the coastal ocean, and the majority of OCPs is further dissipated to open seas.     

新疆河流径流特征分析

选择了新疆众多河流中代表性好的7条河流,对径流的特征进行了分析。结果表明,新疆河流径流量主要集中在夏季,占年径流量的50．8％—70．7％,春、秋季径流量差别不大,冬季仅占年径流量的4．7％—10．8％。以7条河流径流深值可看出,北疆径流深值比南疆大,最大的是布尔津河,径流深为507．4mm。从径流量的Cv值看,除头道沟为0．44,极值比4．42较大外,其它河流的Cv值均在0．19—0．23间、极值比在1．85—2．42间。同时,新疆大多数河流径流量90年代后有明显增多的趋势。     

Sources and Concentrations of Mercury and Selenium In Compartments within the Las Vegas Wash During A Period of Rapid Change

The Las VegasWash, which drains the Las Vegas valley watershed and provides the second largest inflow to Lake Mead, is being dramatically altered with erosion control structures and wetland restoration efforts. The impact of these changes on the cycling and distribution of Hg and Se is of particular interest because of their tendency to bioaccumulate and because of a lack of information on these contaminants in the Wash. In this study, we determined concentrations of Hg and Se in surface water (monthly), groundwater (once) and sediments (quarterly) from strategic locations within and along theWash during 2002 and 2003. The data was used to characterize Se sources and loading into theWash. Samples containing resurfacing groundwater and urban runoff (LW10.75 and Duck Creek) had significantly higher yearly means (13.7 ± 4.4 and 23.8 ± 4.1μg/L, respectively) compared with mainstream samples containing primarily treated wastewater (2.8 ± 0.8μg/L). Investigation of Se in tributaries, street runoff and rain suggest that the source of the elevated Se is likely groundwater seeps located within a relatively narrow geographic band on the southeast side of the valley. Se content of sediments was similar, except for LW10.75 which was rich in organic matter. Hg concentrations in the water and sediments were low, averaging 4±5 ng/L and 34±20 ng/g, dw, respectively. Overall, this study suggests that water quality remains relatively stable despite changes in theWash and managers of developing wetlands should not use tributary water as source water.     

临安区不同功能区道路降雨径流污染特征及源解析

通过采集杭州市临安区不同功能区6个监测点3次降雨径流过程的水样,监测降雨径流中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)的EMC值,分析城市道路地表径流污染特征。结果表明,临安区不同功能区路面降雨径流中相同污染物浓度不同,降雨径流污染物EMC平均值由高到低为商业区交通区居民区文教区。降雨径流污染物EMC值随着降雨时间增加逐渐降低。降雨前期空气污染越严重,降雨径流污染物浓度越高,即冬季降雨径流污染物浓度大体上高于秋季。     

城市街道地表物特性分析

通过对城市街道地表物的收集、处理、分析和典型降水的径流冲刷实测,全面探究了城市街道地表物的分布、累积和冲刷规律,并对其污染物的含量和污染物总量进行了定量计算。为现代城市非点源污染截污处理和环境综合整治提供了理论和实践依据。     

淮南城区传统开发模式下雨水径流水质污染特征研究

选取淮南城区6种不同下垫面,研究了自然降雨和径流雨水随降雨历时和径流历时的水质变化,并探讨了降雨强度对初期径流水质的影响和径流污染物之间的相关性。研究表明:初期自然降雨和初期径流污染较为严重,随着降雨历时和径流历时的延长,自然降雨和径流雨水污染程度均逐渐降低并趋于稳定,且径流雨水中SS与其他污染物之间具有良好的正相关性;不同下垫面径流雨水水质具有一定差异,屋面径流雨水明显好于路面径流雨水;降雨强度对初期径流水质具有较大影响,降雨强度越大,初期径流雨水污染越严重。     

城市降雨径流污染及最佳治理方案探讨

城市降雨径流污染已经成为非点源污染的一个新亮点,随着城市工业废水和生活污水等点源治理力度的加大,城市降雨径流污染问题将越来越突出.文章系统阐述了城市降雨径流污染的过程、污染类型及来源、污染物特征,对各种具体的城市降雨径流污染控制与治理技术进行了总结,并着重介绍了城市降雨径流污染最佳管理措施,还提出了实施城市降雨径流污染治理的具体对策和指导思想.     

Use pattern of pesticides and their predicted mobility into shallow groundwater and surface water bodies of paddy lands in Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka

Pesticides applied on agricultural lands reach groundwater by leaching, and move to offsite water bodies by direct runoff, erosion and spray drift. Therefore, an assessment of the mobility of pesticides in water resources is important to safeguard such resources. Mobility of pesticides on agricultural lands of Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka has not been reported to date. In this context, the mobility potential of 32 pesticides on surface water and groundwater was assessed by widely used pesticide risk indicators, such as Attenuation Factor (AF) index and the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) with some modifications. Four surface water bodies having greater than 20% land use of the catchment under agriculture, and shallow groundwater table at 3.0 m depth were selected for the risk assessment. According to AF, carbofuran, quinclorac and thiamethoxam are three most leachable pesticides having AF values 1.44 × 10^?2, 1.87 × 10^?3 and 5.70 × 10^?4, respectively. Using PIRI, offsite movement of pesticides by direct runoff was found to be greater than with the erosion of soil particles for the study area. Carbofuran and quinclorac are most mobile pesticides by direct runoff with runoff fractions of 0.01 and 0.08, respectively, at the studied area. Thiamethoxam and novaluron are the most mobile pesticides by erosion with erosion factions of 1.02 × 10^?4 and 1.05 × 10^?4, respectively. Expected pesticide residue levels in both surface and groundwater were predicted to remain below the USEPA health advisory levels, except for carbofuran, indicating that pesticide pollution is unlikely to exceed the available health guidelines in the Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka.