Mobility of dimethoate residues from spring broccoli field

Dimethoate [O, O-dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate] is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide currently used worldwide and on many vegetables in Kentucky. Dimethoate is a hydrophilic compound (log K_OW = 0.7) and has the potential of offsite movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water. The dissipation patterns of dimethoate residues were studied on spring broccoli leaves and heads under field conditions. Following foliar application of Dimethoate 4E on broccoli foliage at the rate of 0.47 L acre^?1, dimethoate residues were monitored in soil, runoff water collected down the land slope, and in infiltration water collected from the vadose zone. The study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil (pH 6.9) planted with broccoli under three soil management practices: (i) soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge, (ii) soil mixed with yard waste compost, and (iii) no-mulch rototilled bare soil. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of mixing native soil with municipal sewage sludge or yard waste compost, having considerable amounts of organic matter, on off-site movement of dimethoate residues into runoff and infiltration water following spring rainfall. The initial deposits of dimethoate were 6.2 and 21.4 μ g g^?1 on broccoli heads and leaves, respectively. These residues dissipated rapidly and fell below the maximum residue limit of 2 μ g g^?1 on the heads and leaves after 10 and 14 d, respectively, with half-lives of 5.7 d on broccoli heads and 3.9 d on the leaves. Dimethoate residues detected in top 15 cm of soil (due to droplet drift and wash off residues from broccoli foliage) one day (d) following spraying, were 30.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the sewage sludge treatment, and 46.1 and 134.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the yard waste and no mulch treatments, respectively. Water infiltration was greater from yard waste compost treatment than from no mulch treatment, however concentrations of dimethoate in the vadose zone of the three soil treatments did not differ.     

Hydrologic Landscape Characterization for the Pacific Northwest,USA

We update the Wigington et al. (2013) hydrologic landscape (HL) approach to make it more broadly applicable and apply the revised approach to the Pacific Northwest (PNW; i.e., Oregon, Washington, and Idaho). Specific changes incorporated are the use of assessment units based on National Hydrography Dataset Plus V2 catchments, a modified snowmelt model validated over a broader area, an aquifer permeability index that does not require preexisting aquifer permeability maps, and aquifer and soil permeability classes based on uniform criteria. Comparison of Oregon results for the revised and original approaches found fewer and larger assessment units, loss of summer seasonality, and changes in rankings and proportions of aquifer and soil permeability classes. Differences could be explained by three factors: an increased assessment unit size, a reduced number of permeability classes, and use of smaller cutoff values for the permeability classes. The distributions of the revised HLs in five groups of Oregon rivers were similar to the original HLs but less variable. The improvements reported here should allow the revised HL approach to be applied more often in situations requiring hydrologic classification and allow greater confidence in results. We also apply the map results to the development of hydrologic landscape regions.     

Investigation of the Curve Number Method For Surface Runoff Estimation In Tropical Regions

This study tests the applicability of the curve number (CN) method within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate surface runoff at the watershed scale in tropical regions. To do this, surface runoff simulated using the CN method was compared with observed runoff in numerous rainfall‐runoff events in three small tropical watersheds located in the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. The CN method generally performed well in simulating surface runoff in the studied watersheds (Nash‐Sutcliff efficiency [NSE] > 0.7; percent bias [PBIAS] < 32%). Moreover, there was no difference in the performance of the CN method in simulating surface runoff under low and high antecedent rainfall (PBIAS for both antecedent conditions: ~30%; modified NSE: ~0.4). It was also found that the method accurately estimated surface runoff at high rainfall intensity (e.g., PBIAS < 15%); however, at low rainfall intensity, the CN method repeatedly underestimated surface runoff (e.g., PBIAS > 60%). This was possibly due to low infiltrability and valley bottom saturated areas typical of many tropical soils, indicating that there is scope for further improvements in the parameterization/representation of tropical soils in the CN method for runoff estimation, to capture low rainfall‐intensity events. In this study the retention parameter was linked to the soil moisture content, which seems to be an appropriate approach to account for antecedent wetness conditions in the tropics.     

WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA1

ABSTRACT: Nonpoint pollution in the form of runoff generated by conventional agricultural practices is one of the major sources of environmental degradation of surface water bodies. Agricultural conservation practices including no‐tillage operations have been introduced as alternatives to cope with such challenges. This study attempts to examine the economic and environmental impacts of no‐tillage as compared to conventional agricultural practices for cotton, soybeans and corn cultivated in the Mississippi Delta. Impacts in the form of sediment, nutrient and pesticide runoff at farm level are investigated, using the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC).     

Modeling Urban Growth Effects on Surface Runoff with the Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS

A methodology is developed to relate urban growth studies to distributed hydrological modeling using an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS. This linkage is possible because both studies share land-use and land-cover data. Landsat Thematic Mapper data are utilized to detect urban land-cover changes. GIS analyses are then conducted to examine the changing spatial patterns of urban growth. The integration of remote sensing and GIS is applied to automate the estimation of surface runoff based on the Soil Conservation Service model. Impacts of urban growth on surface runoff and the rainfall–runoff relationship are examined by linking the two modeling results with spatial analysis techniques. This methodology is applied to the Zhujiang Delta of southern China, where dramatic urban growth has occurred over the past two decades, and the rampant urban growth has created severe problems in water resources management. The results revealed a notably uneven spatial pattern of urban growth and an increase of 8.10 mm in annual runoff depth during the 1989–1997 period. An area that experienced more urban growth had a greater potential for increasing annual surface runoff. Highly urbanized areas were more prone to flooding. Urbanization lowered potential maximum storage, and thus increased runoff coefficient values.     

城市绿地降雨径流污染特征对比研究：以澳门与厦门为例

在澳门与厦门分别选一分流制管道类型的绿地小流域开展降雨径流监测,以研究城市绿地降雨径流污染特征.结果表明,两城市绿地小流域降雨径流的主要污染物为COD、TP、NO_3~--N,其EMC平均值分别为165.77～60.48 mg/L、 0.96～0.44 mg/L和7.16～1.18 mg/L;两城市绿地的COD、TP、NO_3~--N污染负荷平均值分别为6.53～0.63 kg/hm~2、 0.037 5～0.0047 kg/hm~2 和0.012 2～0.012 8 kg/hm~2;绿地降雨径流污染物浓度峰值出现时间早于径流量峰值;城市绿地降雨径流初始冲刷效应不明显,厦门绿地小流域降雨径流COD、TSS、TP及NO_3~--N的FF_(30)分别为36.26%、 26.13%、 28.13% 和39.03%.基于多元回归分析结果表明,总降雨量和总径流量是影响绿地降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应的主要因素.     

调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的工程应用及评价

为评价调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的运行效果和经济效益,采用现场调研长期跟踪监测调蓄经济植物湿地进、出水水质和水量变化,深入探索其营养盐质量浓度分布特征及其去除效能.结果表明:①调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留营养盐,稳定出水水质,2015年7月-2017年4月出水ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（COD_Cr）平均值分别为1.2、0.07和17.0 mg/L,TN、TP和COD_Cr去除率分别为65.8%、75.5%和41.3%.②不同调蓄量下TN和TP去除率随着进水水量的增大而减小,表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期;COD_Cr去除率与调蓄量之间呈负相关,表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;在调蓄经济植物湿地中单位面积TN、TP和COD_Cr去除负荷量表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.③调蓄经济植物湿地中莲藕、海菜花和螺蛳产量分别为26.25、22.50和2.46 t/（hm2·a）,氮、磷去除总量分别为275和30 kg/（hm2·a）.研究显示,调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留氮、磷,在不同水文期均有良好的净化效果,不仅具备景观效益,且具有良好的经济价值.      

滇池流域宝象河暴雨径流初始冲刷效应

为了有效理解滇池非点源入湖过程,选择滇池流域宝象河开展暴雨径流初始冲刷效应的初步研究.2009年雨季,在其干流沿程上、中、下游设置3个断面进行了初期3场暴雨及河道水量、水质同步观测,并提出降雨净冲刷量、负荷净冲刷量以及净冲刷径流平均浓度EMCn的定义与计算方法.结果表明,宝象河TSS、TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的EMCn、累积曲线M(V)随着河道沿程不透水地面比例和人口规模的增加而提高,TSS、TP负荷贡献率及其M(V)与降雨强度的变化趋势一致,而TN和高锰酸盐指数负荷贡献率则与降雨量表现正相关,其中TN中NO3--N所占比例随着降雨事件次数增加而逐渐降低;此外,提出的EMCn也被证实能有效消除各点位的基流及其负荷影响,相对冲刷径流平均浓度,更为真实反映且能放大沿程断面间、不同降雨事件间的暴雨初始冲刷效应的差异.     

重庆市典型城镇区地表径流污染特征

以重庆大渡口区建胜镇为典型区域,选取水泥瓦屋顶、石棉瓦屋顶、水泥平屋顶、居民区水泥路面、餐饮沥青路面、油库沥青路面等不透水下垫面和附近一条合流制溢流渠为采样点,研究了城镇地表径流中营养性污染物和重金属排放特征.结果表明,路面径流中TSS、COD、TN、TP平均质量浓度为(1 681.2±677.2)、(1 154.7±415.5)、(12.07±2.72)、(3.32±1.15)mg·L-1,普遍高于屋面径流污染物平均质量浓度:(13.3±6.5)、(100.4±24.8)、(3.58±0.70)、(0.10±0.02)mg·L-1.不透水地表径流中,TDN、TDP分别占TN、TP的62.60%±34.38%、42.22%±33.94%.与中心城区相比,本城镇地表径流污染物质量浓度一般较高.合流制溢流中,TSS、COD、TDN、TN、TDP、TP为(281.57±308.38)、(231.21±42.95)、(8.16±2.78)、(10.60±3.94)、(0.38±0.23)、(1.51±0.75)mg·L-1,重金属质量浓度均未超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准.合流制溢流中大部分污染物存在初期冲刷效应,而TSS的初期冲刷效应较弱.合流制溢流中,COD、TP与TSS都具有显著正相关关系,NH+4-N和TP、TDP、TN、TDP之间呈显著正相关关系,而NO-3-N和其它指标都呈负相关关系.     

土地利用变化对赣江流域径流的影响研究

论文以赣江流域为研究区,基于SWAT分布式水文模型及SUFI-2 算法,利用流域DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据,结合GIS和RS技术,对流域土地利用变化的径流响应进行定量分析与研究。结果表明:影响模型模拟效果前3 位的敏感参数分别为ALPHA_BF、CN2、ESCO,得出率定期和验证期的模拟值与实测流量过程拟合程度较优,其R²和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数E_{NS均高于0.90,相对误差|Re|均小于3%;流域内1990 年与2000 年土地利用均以林地、水稻田、草地为主,此3 种类型约占流域总面积的85%;在相同气象条件下,两期土地利用情景下的月、年均径流量变化趋势较为一致,2000 年土地利用情景下的年径流量比1990 年略大;相比1990 年土地利用情景,2000 年产水量增加最为显著的区域主要为赣江流域东部、东南部和西南部,建筑用地、水浇地和裸岩面积的增加、林地面积的减少可能是引起产水量增加的主要因素。}