虚拟振动试验与真实试验相关性分析

卫星虚拟振动试验是当今应用研究的前沿课题。以某中心承力筒为对象,由设计单位提供了承力筒的分析模型和承力筒试件,在相同的试验条件下分别独立地进行虚拟试验和真实试验,对比两者的试验数据,分析虚拟试验与真实试验结果的异同及其产生的原因,对建立的振动台分析模型和虚拟试验研究方法作出评价。     

卫星遥感技术在本溪典型区域的应用

以本溪典型区域为研究区,以高分辨率卫星数据为主要信息源,利用不同波段的组合图像,借助eCognition软件,对地表地物光谱特征和空间特征进行分析,建立卫星遥感分析成果信息库。基于不同时相分类结果的变化检测,以及对研究区水体污染、矿区复垦、耕地变化、林地变化等的分析,定量分析了研究区生态环境的动态变化。此项研究工作为研究区的生态环境规划、建设和管理,特别是对土地利用的管理工作提供了有用的资料。     

美国GOES系列卫星的发展

首先介绍了美国GOES系列静止轨道气象卫星的基本情况、职能和使命任务,然后分别对第一代、第二代/改进型第二代以及第三代GOES系列卫星的发展历程、载荷情况和卫星产品进行了概述,并对目前在轨运行第三代GOES系列卫星先进基线成像仪、同步闪电测绘仪、远紫外与X射线辐照度探测器等载荷参数和主要用途进行了详细介绍.最后总结了G...     

基于不同卫星降雨产品的澴水花园流域径流模拟比较研究

卫星降雨产品作为缺资料或无资料地区估算流域降雨径流的一种途径,适用性尚需大量实验研究。以澴水花园流域为研究区,综合评估了TRMM(3B42V7)、TRMM_RT(3B42V7)、PERSIANN CDR和CMORPH 4个卫星降雨产品在流域平均雨量计算与径流模拟中的精度,设置多方案与多种水文模拟情景全面检验各降雨产品的可靠性与适用性。研究表明：(1)在研究期2002~2013年,没有一个卫星降雨产品对所有精度评价指标均表现最优,PERSIANN始终表现为最差;(2)各卫星降雨产品对于不同年代和不同统计时段的精度差异明显,且一般汛期精度高于全年精度。各年代精度最高的卫星降雨产品在年与汛期尺度上与实测雨量相关系数均超过0.9;(3)各卫星降雨产品对有雨日降雨探测能力较强,但空报率较高,所有卫星降雨产品对于年最大1 d、3 d和7 d降雨估算误差较大,无法达到可利用精度;(4)采用卫星降雨产品进行径流模拟时,以相应的卫星降雨进行水文模型参数率定可获得更高的模拟精度。TRMM_RT与CMORPH日径流模拟精度较好,CMORPH月径流模拟精度较好。总体而言,CMORPH更适用于径流模拟。对于典型的3场大洪水模拟结果表明,TRMM_RT和CMORPH对洪峰与洪量（径流深）的模拟精度相对较高。     

卫星影像和高程数据在农村环境质量试点监测中的应用

大量长期地使用农用塑料薄膜,导致邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测结果出现超标。邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染形势不容乐观。结合桂林市农村环境质量试点监测工作,参考全国生态环境监测与评价工作的技术方法,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对试点监测村进行了农膜覆盖面积的统计。针对桂林市的丘陵地貌特征,利用高程数据对统计结果进行修正,提高了农膜覆盖面积统计的准确度。同时还对试点监测村周边区域的农膜覆盖情况进行了粗略统计和分析,确定了将来的重点调查目标区域,为将来深入调查邻苯二甲酸酯类污染状况、制定防治方案提供了一定的参考。     

近30年来鄱阳湖环湖区土地利用与景观格局变化研究

以1988—2018年7期Landsat遥感卫星影像为数据源,采用土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数等方法探究了鄱阳湖环湖区近30年来土地利用与景观格局变化特征.结果表明：(1)近30年来鄱阳湖环湖区建设用地和林地面积显著增加,耕地、草地、水域和未利用地面积减少.(2)建设用地的转入类型以耕地为主,30年间共侵占耕地面积1243.66 km²,占建设用地面积增加量的71.19%.林地的转入类型主要为耕地和草地,其中,耕地转入占比56.95%.耕地的转出类型以建设用地、草地和林地为主,且1999年以后随着城镇化的发展耕地主要转向建设用地.(3)近30年来鄱阳湖环湖区景观总体破碎程度逐渐增大,景观斑块个数共增加63492个,增幅为11.68%.景观连通性降低,各类型土地呈均衡化趋势分布,景观异质性增加.研究结果可为推动鄱阳湖环湖区土地资源保护、生态环境保护和经济协同发展提供参考依据.     

Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States1

Tobin, Kenneth J. and Marvin E. Bennett, 2012. Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 221‐234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00604.x Abstract: The precipitation science community has expressed concern regarding the ability of satellite‐based precipitation products to accurately capture rainfall values over land. There has been some work that has focused on addressing the deficiencies of satellite precipitation products, particularly on the adjustment of bias. This article outlines a methodology that adjusts satellite products utilizing ground‐based precipitation data. The approach is not a simple bias adjustment, but is a three‐step process that transforms a satellite product based on a ground‐based precipitation product (NEXRAD‐derived Multisensor Precipitation Estimator [MPE] product or rain‐gauge data). The developed methodology was successfully applied to seven moderate‐to‐large sized watersheds from continental United States (CONUS) and northern Mexico over a spectrum of climatic regimes ranging from dry to humid settings. Methodology validation is based on comparison of observed and simulated streamflow generated with SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model using unadjusted and adjusted precipitation products as input. Streamflow comparison is based on mass balance error and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. Finally, the contribution of how adjustment to correct misses, false alarms, and bias impacts adjusted datasets and the potential impact that the adjustment methodology can have on hydrological applications such as water resource monitoring and flood prediction are explored.     

Experimental research on recolonisation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anemone nemorosa</Emphasis> of the beech forests of the Ruhr district (Germany) floristically impoverished by air pollution

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: High SO(2) concentrations as have been observed over decades in the Ruhr district lead to a remarkable reduction of leaf area in the majority of the characteristic broad-leafed herbs of the Central European beech forests even after only a few months of experimental fumigation. Thus, it is no wonder in the time of high SO(2) pollution, e.g., in the town of Herne (centre of the Ruhr district), that there was not a single beech forest hosting, for instance, Viola reichenbachiana or Anemone nemorosa. As air quality has improved very much over some decades in the Ruhr district, one can expect a recolonisation of the beech forests by the species of former time characteristic for the herb layer. However, one has to consider that only the air pollution was reduced, while soil acidification and contamination with heavy metals and PAH are, on the short run, irreversible. That is why experiments were carried out, considering the question as to whether recolonisation of the forests of the Ruhr district by the aforementioned species is possible and why such a recolonisation up to now has not occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were carried out in a beech forest situated in the centre of the Ruhr district in the City of Herne. The wood anemone (A. nemorosa) was chosen as test plant because of its high frequency in beech forests on loess soils outside the Ruhr district, and its absence in beech forests in the Ruhr district. The experiments with A. nemorosa were carried out in three variants with different soils: (a): soil of the local forests (R); (b): soil of the local forests whose soot layer was removed (r); (c): imported soil from a clean air region far away from the Ruhr district (Odenwald). RESULTS: Survival of rhizomes of A. nemorosa is possible for some years in the soils of the Ruhr district; however, the establishment of a population could not be achieved. The results obtained by the imported soil show that it is no longer air pollution, but the soil which prevents the establishment of a population. Sexual reproduction is rather impossible because of the thick litter layer with which all of the Ruhr district's beech forests are covered. DISCUSSION: With respect to the unfavourable chemistry of the soil of the Ruhr district and in consideration of the unfavourable attributes of the soot layer, the author expected the following order of the development of shoot numbers: O > r > R. However, the result is: O > R > r. In contrast to the expected result, the soot layer has no negative but slightly positive effects on the implanted rhizomes. A possible explanation is that the soot layer, which is situated immediately below the top soil, prevents the top soil from drying up and thus even protects the rhizomes from desiccation. Also, the possibility has to be considered that the soot layer functions as a nutrient storage area. CONCLUSIONS: At present, a survival of the rhizomes of A. nemorosa in the soils of the Ruhr district is temporarily possible but does not lead to the establishment of a permanent population. This only can be achieved by additional sexual reproduction. However, the thick litter layer present in all beech forests of the Ruhr district prevents the establishment of seedlings, i.e., it does not allow sexual reproduction to contribute to the population. The soot layer situated below the litter layer represents a second hindrance for germination. Other than seedlings, rhizomes are not negatively affected by the soot layer but even a slight stabilisation has to be stated. As a reason for this slightly positive effect, a protection of the upper mineral soil from desiccation by the hydrophob soot layer has to be considered. Secondly, the soot layer may serve as a nutrient storage which is of particular importance in acid soils, because acidification generally leads to a leeching of nutrients. To answer these questions, detailed further research is necessary. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to restore the formerly rich herbaceous layer of the forests of the Ruhr district, experiments (removal of the litter layer; liming; ploughing) should be carried out at broad-scale to solve the question of how the strong negative effects of the established thick raw humus layer can be reduced or even be avoided. When the problem of the humus layer is solved, the beech forests of the Ruhr district today highly impoverished in species will become a vivid ecosystem, rich in flowering herbaceous species and thus much more attractive for the people of the Ruhr district than at present.     

Post-tsunami changes in the littoral environment along the southeast coast of India

The 26th December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami devastated coastal regions of the Indian subcontinent. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, coastal stretches of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala were the most affected regions of India. Changes in the beach profiles, long shore currents, breaking wave characteristics in the surf zone at selected locations along the Tamil Nadu coast were studied during January, April, October 2005 and January 2006. Long shore sediment transport rates were estimated from the observed parameters. Studies were carried out earlier (1995-1996 and 1998) to understand the coastal environment over a one-year cycle in the study region. The post-tsunami observations were compared with the earlier studies to establish the variations in the littoral environment and to ascertain the normalcy of the littoral environment in the post-tsunami scenario. From the changes in the beach profiles, the shoreline was observed to recede by about 20m and built-up of backshore by about 0.5m at most locations. Observations from the field investigations and comparisons with earlier studies along this stretch of the coastline indicate that the coastline is yet to return completely to normalcy.     

不同星箭分离方式下整星冲击环境特征分析

目的研究不同星箭分离方式下卫星的冲击环境特征。方法分析采用点源、线源和组合源火工装置完成星箭分离的卫星整星级冲击试验中不同位置测点加速度的实测值,研究其时域谱、频域谱和冲击响应谱特征,对不同星箭分离方式下整星冲击环境特点进行总结。结果三种分离方式下单位长度冲击响应的衰减率均在60%~70%之间。从频谱特点上来说,点源引起的冲击响应频率成分最为丰富,线源和组合源的功率谱分布相对集中。结论不同星箭分离方式下整星的冲击环境有一定的区别,在进行卫星抗冲击设计时,应考虑分离方式的不同。