卫星遥感数据在林火排放模型中的应用

火对大气中的温室气体和气溶胶的增加有显著影响,也是植被的一个主要干扰因子.利用精确卫星火产品对中国林火排放量进行量化计算,对于制定正确的减排战略具有参考意义.采用GBA2000的研究结果,分析了不同植被区的过火区分布情况.2000年中国林地上共有8 587个过火斑块,总面积为10 773 212 hm2,其中阔叶落叶林过火面积最大,为3 674 404 hm2;其次为阔叶常绿林,过火面积为1 141 402 hm2.林火排放计算模型采用各植被带平均生物量和燃烧系数估计火烧消耗的生物量和计算森林燃烧释放的温室气体量.我国2000年林火释放CO2 688 Tg,CO和CH4分别为57 Tg和4 Tg.计算精度取决于森林火灾面积、土地类型图、燃烧效率和排放因子.由于采用的卫星火产品没有对中国区域进行精度评估,据此统计的森林过火区有误差.如果采用更精确的卫星遥感数据,将提高林火释放模型的计算精度.     

FLOW ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE DAMMED LAKE WATERSHEDS: A CASE STUDY1

Abstract: The Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred on September 21, 1999, and had a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale, resulted in an extensive landslide that blocked the Ching-Shui Creek in Taiwan, forming a large lake with a storage volume of 40 million m³. This paper describes an analytical procedure used to perform flow analysis of the Tsao-Ling watershed, which includes the new landslide dammed lake. In this study, a digital elevation model was applied to obtain the watershed geomorphic factors and stage-area storage function of the landslide dammed lake. Satellite images were used to identify the landslide area and the land cover change that occurred as a result of the earthquake. Two topography-based runoff models were applied for long term and short term streamflow analyses of the watershed because the watershed upstream of the landslide dam was ungauged. The simulated daily flow and storm runoff were verified using limited available measured data in the watershed, and good agreement was obtained. The proposed analytical procedure for flow analysis is considered promising for application to other landslide dammed lake watersheds.     

泥石流预报中的多层降水预报/监测系统

利用数值天气预报、静止气象卫星云图、天气雷达回波和遥测雨量等4种方法,进行了大气降水的预报与监测,构建了不同时间尺度满足不同精度的降水预报和监测体系,通过与下垫面中地形和地质等条件的耦合,为不同时间尺度的泥石流预报系统提供了相应的降水预报支持,以满足不同层次的泥石流减灾要求.     

On East Asian Sand and Duststorms and Associated Significant Dustfall Observed from January to May 2001

Monitoring of dust pollution at the western shore of Tae-ahn Peninsula (TAP) and in the Chongju area of central Korea was carried out from January to May 2001. It was found that in Koreathere were 9 cases of sand and duststorms (DS) and 16 associatedsignificant dustfall (SD) days. Observed maximum concentrations of DS and SD coming from NW China and Mongolia were in the rangeof 300–920 for TSP, 200–690 for PM₁₀ and 100–170 g m^-3 for PM_2.5.Satellite measurements clearly showed the formation and subsequent movement of DS to the Korean Peninsula and onward to the Korea East Sea, Japan and the Gulf of Alaska. According to satellite image analysis of dust clouds there were abundant coarse particles, measuring in size of 11.0 m. Medium-sizedparticles measuring in the range of 3.5–7.0 were also prevalent,while fine particles of less than 2.0 m were less distinctive in reflectivity. Measured values of PM_2.5 were alsorelatively low with SD events.The measured average pH values of dusty precipitation associatedwith DS were 7.24. Alkaline precipitation can play a `temporary'role in the neutralization of acidified soil until the subsequentevent of acidic rain. The new selection criteria of SD days from PM_2.5 at 85 g m^-3, PM₁₀ 190 g m^-3 and TSP 250 g m^-3 are recommended on dust pollution occurring from the invasion of a DS elsewhere.     

Radioactivity Monitored From Moored Oceanographic Buoys

The principles and operation of a gamma radiation sensor mounted on oceanographic buoys are described. the sensor has proved rugged in severe weather conditions and has satisfactory detection limits and accuracy. Continuous monitoring of artificially produced γ-emitters such as ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³¹I, ¹³³I, ¹³²Te, naturally occuring emitters such as ⁴⁰k and ²¹⁴Bi in open sea conditions can provide important information in critical situations.     

SATELLITE DETECTION OF SEICHES IN GREAT SALT LAKE,UTAH1

ABSTRACT: On June 15, 1977, an unusual brightness anomaly was detected in the north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, on NOAA-5 Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) visible band imagery and on Landsat-2 multispectral visual band imagery. Retrospective inspection of NOAA-3, 4, and 5 satellite imagery from 1974–77 revealed 12 previous cases of the anomaly, whereas post monitoring documented nine other cases through May 1978. Comparison of lake levels in the north arm with meteorological parameters leads to the conclusion that the anomalous brightness is associated with wind induced seiches in the north arm. Apparently the wind induces a lower water depth, turbulence, and mixing throughout the water column in the western third of the north arm, thus increasing the brightness of the surface waters chiefly from sediment resuspension.     

水样电导率干扰因素的排除实验

针对电导率观测过程中可能遇到的各种影响观测质量的因素进行分析和探讨,通过各种条件实验,指出排除这些干扰的具体方法,从而提高电导率的观测质量。     

极轨气象卫星遥感资料用于陕西洪涝灾害监测

介绍了利用极轨气象卫星遥感监测洪涝灾害的原理、监测方法和资料处理流程，以及对1996年初黄河陕西段凌汛的成功动态监测的实例。     

FLOOD INUNDATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES FROM AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE IMAGERY1

ABSTRACT: Panchromatic black and white, color, and color infrared photographs and thermal infrared imagery are compared for a capability to show flood boundaries. In open agricultural and urban areas, these boundaries are easily delineated on all types of am. Boundaries are more difficult to see in wooded areas. In March, hardwood trees are dormant, but black and white photographs and color photographs show only the tops of these trees. Color infrared photographs in January and March have a distinctive color or tone in inundated woods; the limit of this tone is the flood boundary. Daytime thermal infrared imagery in March shows that inundated woods are cooler than dry land but warmer than open water. After about April 1, both color infrared photography and thermal infrared imagery show only the top of the tree canopy and do not reflect underlying flood water. Inundated areas can be delineated easily on ERTS satellite imagery from December through March. On imagery from May 4–5, 1973, however, most inundation boundaries had to be drawn as dashed lines; the tree canopy obscures flood waters in wooded areas. Despite this problem, the results of mapping flood boundaries on May imagery are believed to be reasonable for the scale of the imagery.     

Effects of Spatial and Temporal Data Aggregation on the Performance of the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor System

The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the performance of the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor (MRMS) system in capturing precipitation compared to gauge data, and (2) assess the effects of spatial (1–50 km) and temporal (15–120 min) data aggregation scales on the performance of the MRMS system. Point‐to‐grid comparisons were conducted between 215 rain gauges and the MRMS system. The MRMS system at 1 km spatial and 15 min temporal resolutions captured precipitation reasonably well with average R², root mean square error (RMSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) values of 0.65, 0.5 mm, and 11.9 mm; whereas Threat Score, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio were 0.57, 0.92, and 0.40, respectively. Decreasing temporal resolution from 15 min to two hours resulted in an increase in R² and a decrease in RMSE, whereas PBIAS was not affected. Reducing spatial resolution from 1 to 50 km resulted in increases in R² and PBIAS, whereas RMSE was decreased. Increasing spatial aggregation scale from 1 to 50 km resulted in an R² increase of only 0.08. Similarly, improvement in R² was only modest (0.17) compared to an eightfold reduction in temporal resolution (from 15 min to two hours). While aggregating data at coarser temporal resolutions resolved some of the under/overestimation issues of the MRMS system, it was apparent even at coarser spatial and temporal resolutions the MRMS system inherently overestimated smaller precipitation events while underestimated bigger events.