环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱(液相色谱、气相色谱)和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱(紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等)的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

SGO改性复合纳滤膜的制备及分盐性能

近年来,水资源短缺,水源污染严重,国家对水处理末端的资源化利用提出了更高的要求,分盐过程也受到越来越多的关注.纳滤膜表面通常带有电荷,可以选择性地透过不同价态的离子.基于纳滤膜表面电荷特性不同,为很好地实现盐的分离,将制备的带有磺酸基团的氧化石墨烯引入到纳滤膜材料中,采用界面聚合法,制备了SGO改性复合纳滤膜. Zeta电位分析表明所制备的复合纳滤膜表面的电荷比不添加SGO的纳滤膜更负;红外光谱分析中酯基基团特征峰的出现表明磺酸基团参与了聚合反应; SEM结构表面,膜表面出现了明显的图灵结构,在0. 2 MPa压力下,纯水通量可达45. 85 L·(m~2·h)-1,对Na2SO4截留率为98. 23%,对Na Cl截留率为24. 93%,10 h运行可以很好地实现对SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的有效分离,可实现盐的资源化回收.     

Functional flax fiber with UV-induced switchable wettability for multipurpose oil-water separation

● A PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber with UV-induced switchable wettability was developed. ● The property of flax fiber could be switched from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. ● The mechanism of the acquired UV-induced switchable wettability was discussed. ● The developed flax fiber was successfully used for multipurpose oil-water separation. The large number of oily wastewater discharges and oil spills are bringing about severe threats to environment and human health. Corresponding to this challenge, a functional PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber with UV-induced switchable wettability was developed for efficient oil-water separation in this study. The developed flax fiber was obtained through PAA grafted polymerization and then ZnO-HDTMS nanocomposite immobilization. The as-prepared PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber was hydrophobic initially and could be switched to hydrophilic through UV irradiation. Its hydrophobicity could be easily recovered through being stored in dark environment for several days. To optimize the performance of the PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber, the effects of ZnO and HDTMS concentrations on its switchable wettability were investigated. The optimized PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber had a large water contact angle (~130°) in air and an extremely small oil contact angle (~0°) underwater initially. After UV treatment, the water contact angle was decreased to 30°, while the underwater oil contact angle was increased to more than 150°. Based on this UV-induced switchable wettability, the developed PAA-ZnO-HDTMS flax fiber was applied to remove oil from immiscible oil-water mixtures and oil-in-water emulsion with great reusability for multiple cycles. Thus, the developed flax fiber could be further fabricated into oil barrier or oil sorbent for oil-water separation, which could be an environmentally-friendly alternative in oil spill response and oily wastewater treatment.     

Recent advances in antimony removal using carbon-based nanomaterials: A review

• The synthesis and physicochemical properties of various CNMs are reviewed. • Sb removal using carbon-based nano-adsorbents and membranes are summarized. • Details on adsorption behavior and mechanisms of Sb uptake by CNMs are discussed. • Challenges and future prospects for rational design of advanced CNMs are provided. Recently, special attention has been deserved to environmental risks of antimony (Sb) element that is of highly physiologic toxicity to human. Conventional coagulation and ion exchange methods for Sb removal are faced with challenges of low efficiency, high cost and secondary pollution. Adsorption based on carbon nanomaterials (CNMs; e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and their derivatives) may provide effective alternative because the CNMs have high surface area, rich surface chemistry and high stability. In particular, good conductivity makes it possible to create linkage between adsorption and electrochemistry, thereby the synergistic interaction will be expected for enhanced Sb removal. This review article summarizes the state of art on Sb removal using CNMs with the form of nano-adsorbents and/or filtration membranes. In details, procedures of synthesis and functionalization of different forms of CNMs were reviewed. Next, adsorption behavior and the underlying mechanisms toward Sb removal using various CNMs were presented as resulting from a retrospective analysis of literatures. Last, we prospect the needs for mass production and regeneration of CNMs adsorbents using more affordable precursors and objective assessment of environmental impacts in future studies.     

小型四旋翼无人机悬停状态气动干扰与安全间隔研究*

为保证小型旋翼无人机近距编队悬停状态的安全性,采用数值模拟方法研究不同横向和纵向间隔双机悬停流场特征和气动参数变化规律,通过与实验结果对比,验证数值仿真方法的准确性。研究结果表明:无人机内部旋翼间的气动干扰会导致整机单旋翼拉力降低、扭矩增大,使整机气动效率下降;当双机无横向间隔时,双机下洗流场保持对称,同时2股下洗流叠加,呈现较明显的横向扩张趋势,此时后机所受气动影响主要为拉力损失,当纵向间隔大于5 D时,该影响基本消失;当横向间隔X=1 D时,位于尾流区一侧的旋翼拉力减小,后机所受俯仰力矩作用显著,无人机有侧翻风险;横向间隔X≥2 D时,2机之间气动干扰较弱,为较安全区域。     

纸基复合包装中铝塑分离的湿法工艺条件研究

纸基复合包装中的纸基部分通过水力碎浆分离后可直接用于生产再生纸. 其铝塑部分由1层0.02～0.03 mm厚的铝箔和2层0.03～0.08 mm厚的低密度聚乙烯膜层压复合而成,主要对铝塑的湿法分离进行研究.比较了甲酸、乙酸、盐酸3种剥离剂的分离效果; 用甲酸作为铝塑剥离剂时, 考察了剥离剂的浓度、反应温度、液固比及破碎尺寸对铝塑分离的影响; 根据铝塑分离时间、分离率、铝的损失率等指标,通过正交试验及方差分析优化铝塑分离的工艺条件. 结果表明,甲酸分离铝塑的最优条件: 剥离剂浓度为4 mol/L, 反应温度为60 ℃,液固比为60 L/kg, 破碎尺寸为5 cm×5 cm. 在该条件下, 铝塑的分离率达到100%.      

钛白废酸固液分离与综合利用

介绍了湖南株洲化工集团有限责任公司钛白废酸固液分离与综合利用工艺。将钛白废酸固液分离后得到的清废酸用作磷肥生产用硫酸稀释液、钛白酸解工序硫酸稀释液和板框浸取液,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

含碳氨水回收集成分离技术的研究与应用

在研究NH3－CO2－H2O三元体系基础上,将解吸、精馏和防结晶技术相结合,开发出集成分离技术,并成功地将其用于原有含碳氨水回收装置的改造,取得了十分显著的经济与环保效益。     

烷基膦酸载体液膜中Cd(II)的传输

采用内耦合大块液膜分离技术,通过考察料液相pH值、温度、载体浓度以及解析相组成对Cd(II)迁移速率的影响,研究了以烷基膦酸为流动载体的液膜中镉的迁移规律,并建立了渗透系数与pH值、温度以及载体浓度之间的关系方程.结果表明,Cd(II)以CdR22HR(Kex值为3.58106)配合物形式在液膜中传输,增加载体浓度或升高温度,迁移速率明显升高.最佳传质条件为料液相pH值4.5～5.1、载体浓度5.0%～7.5%、温度298～308K.     

用离子交换法从β盐母液中分离1-萘磺酸钠的研究

比较了Ｄ２９０、Ｄ２９６、Ｄ３０１、Ｄ３７０、Ｄ３７２、Ｄ３８０ ６种树脂对β盐母液中１－萘磺酸的静态交换性能,筛选出Ｄ２９６用以回收β盐母液中的１－萘磺酸钠,进行了ＰＨ、接触时间、交换温度等影响因素的条件试验及树脂再生试验,得到１－萘磺酸钠收率８０％以上。