生物强化工程菌的构建及其在石化废水处理中的应用

为解决石化废水在低温下生化处理效果差的难题,通过石化废水厂二沉池出水的 GC-MS 分析.确定了石化废水中的特征污染物,在此基础上进行了生物强化工程菌的筛选、驯化与构建.同时,为验证投加工程菌的生物强化技术处理石化废水的效果,开展了二级 A/O 工艺处理低温石化废水的中试研究.结果表明,工艺稳定运行期间,在进水水质波动较大(COD=370～910mg·L-1.NH 4-N=10～70mg·L-1)、水温低于13℃的情况下,出水COD和NH 4-N 平均浓度分别在 80mg·L-1和8mg·L-1左右,水质优于污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)中表2 一级标准.经对中试装置出水的 GC-MS 分析可知,难降解有机污染物的种类为由未经生物强化的68种减少到32种,绝对石油烃含量、苯系物、卤代物等的含量较未强化的系统都有大幅度地下降.因此,经生物强化后,系统对难降解有机物的处理能力大大地增强,生物强化技术应用于低温石化废水的处理是有效的、可行的.     

云南洱海沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌的时空分布特征

利用PCR扩增和荧光原位杂交方法分析了云南洱海沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)类群和数量的时空分布特征。结果表明,秋季沉积物中检测出四个SRB类群(脱硫肠菌属、脱硫叶菌属、脱硫球菌属-脱硫线菌属-脱硫八叠菌属和脱硫弧菌属-脱硫微菌属),而春季沉积物中只检测出三个类群(脱硫肠菌属、脱硫叶菌属和脱硫球菌属-脱硫线菌属-脱硫八叠菌属)。相比春季,秋季沉积物检测出来的SRB类群具有更大的分布范围,同时,检测出的SRB类群主要分布在沉积物上部;从数量上来看,秋季沉积物SRB数量高于春季沉积物。上述结果指示秋季沉积物环境条件更适于SRB群落。此外,相比洱海秋季,洱海春季沉积环境溶解氧含量较高,且温度较低,这可能导致脱硫弧菌属-脱硫微菌属在洱海春季沉积物中处于不可育状态,由于其活性低而无法检测。     

Roles of acid-producing bacteria in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge

Three acid-producing strains, AFB-1, AFB-2 and AFB-3, were isolated during this study, and their roles in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) were evaluated. Data of 16S rRNA method showed that AFB-1 and AFB-2 were Bacillus coagulans, and AFB-3 was Escherichia coli. The removal in terms of volatile solids (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) was maximized at 42.7% and 44.7% by inoculating Bacillus coagulans AFB-1. Besides, the optimal inoculum concentration of Bacillus coagulans AFB-1 was 30% (v/v). Solubilization degree experiments indicated that solubilization ratios (SR) of WAS reached 20.8%±2.2%, 17.7%±1.48%, and 11.1%±1.53%. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations and compositions were also explored with a gas chromatograph. The results showed that VFAs improved by 98.5%, 53.0% and 11.6% than those of the control, respectively. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments revealed that biogas production increased by 90.7% and 75.3% when inoculating with Bacillus coagulans AFB-1 and AFB-2. These results confirmed that the isolated acid-producing bacteria, especially Bacillus coagulans, was a good candidate for anaerobic digestion of WAS.

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好氧-富氧曝气生物处理在黑臭河涌原位修复中的应用

近年来,反复强调治理黑臭河涌的必要性,为了修复广东南海某黑臭河涌,采用优势菌接种和多级好氧-富氧生物处理原位修复集成工艺系统修复黑臭水体。实验结果表明,通过向底泥和上覆水体里投加培养、驯化的优势菌种,辅以光合细菌、硝化细菌,上覆水体的水质显著好转,水体透明度由初始的5 cm 左右,上升至35 cm 左右,水体黑臭完全消除。在土著微生物的作用下,水体中的有机物得到很好的去除,上覆水体的COD、氨氮、BOD5和总磷的浓度显著下降,其去除率分别达到68.1%~78.7%、79.8%~80.1%、84.8%~85.2%和76.4%~83.6%,河涌的自净能力得到大大提高。     

Escherichia coli Concentrations in Urban Watersheds Exhibit Diurnal Sag: Implications for Water‐Quality Monitoring and Assessment

The variability of indicator bacteria over a fine resolution time scale on the order of minutes has yet to be fully understood. In this study, we collected more than 700 Escherichia coli samples at a 10‐ and 30‐min resolution in an urban watershed in Houston. A Bacteria Diurnal Sag (BDS) marked with daytime exponential decay followed by an exponential nighttime regeneration was observed. This pattern was observed during all sampled events but varied depending on other variables. The concentrations during a 24‐h period varied 1 to 5 orders of magnitude and the fecal load was at least 10 times lower than what would be obtained using a single morning E. coli measurement, the typical sampling scheme in most monitoring programs. Decay rates, ranging from 3.67 to 24.7/day, decreased E. coli concentrations to below the water‐quality standards from 14:00 to 18:00 h and were strongly influenced by water temperatures and solar radiation intensities. Rapid regeneration occurred on the order of 9.41 to 64.1/day allowing E. coli concentrations to return to their pre‐decay levels. The data indicated that four to six samples taken between 06:00 and 18:00 h may be sufficient to define the BDS depending on stream conditions, and that a threshold concentration of approximately 100 MPN/dl (most probable number in a deciliter) existed for the studied urban watershed. These findings have significant implications for water‐quality monitoring, regulation, and compliance.     

废水除磷技术的研究与发展

目前 ,人们越来越重视污水除磷技术。本文介绍与评述了化学和生物两种除磷方式及其除磷机理和工艺 ,并着重介绍了生物除磷的现状、发展和研究动向     

Effects of bio-organic fertilizers on pineapple heart rot and bacterial community structure北大核心CSCD

Heart rot is a common soil-borne disease in the pineapple industry, but the situation can be alleviated by the application of bio-fertilizers with beneficial microbiomes. Clarifying the controlling mechanism of bio-organic fertilizer on the high incidence of heart rot is critical in monocultural pineapple cropping patterns. In our study, the soil of continuous cropping pineapple orchards was collected. Three types of carriers (rapeseed cake, peat soil, and coconut bran), biocontrol strains (Bacillus subtilis HL2 and Streptomyces strain HL3), and organic fertilizer (YJ) were composted into different bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY), which were used in pot experiments. The controlling effect of the bio-fertilizer was determined based on the response of pineapple heart rot and bacterial communities to different fertilizing methods. Our results revealed that the incidence of heart rot in bio-fertilizer KC was the lowest, which decreased by 20% and 13.3%, respectively, compared to HF (chemical fertilizer, 16-16-16) and YJ (organic fertilizer). The richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities in all biofertilized treatments (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY) were significantly higher than those in HF. However, the α-diversity indices of the bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, and KY) were higher than those of LC, LN, and LY, and the bacterial community composition was significantly different. The bacteria GP4, GP6, Bacillus, and Azohydromonas were enriched in KC, KN, and KY, while the relative abundance of Streptomyces increased significantly in LC, LN, and LY. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of these bacterial groups was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of pineapple heart rot. In summary, the application of bio-organic fertilizers can decrease the incidence of pineapple heart rot by altering the soil bacterial community structure and stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms, which is important for reconstructing the ecological balance in continuous pineapple orchards. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

CO2倍增和施氮对水稻不同生长期土壤反硝化细菌丰度的影响

随着全球气候变化的不断加剧,大气CO₂浓度呈明显增加趋势,这将间接影响土壤-植物-微生物系统的氮循环过程.为研究典型水稻土壤反硝化细菌对CO₂浓度升高的响应规律和机制,借助水稻密闭培养箱,运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Real-Time qPCR）分子技术,设置不施氮（0 mg/kg）和常规施氮（100 mg/kg）2个处理,研究CO₂倍增对水稻不同生长期土壤关键反硝化功能细菌（narG、nirK和nirS型）丰度的影响.结果表明:①在2种施氮水平,CO₂倍增显著促进了水稻分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期和成熟期水稻根系生长（增幅为2.96%~28.4%）、地上部生物量增加（增幅为7.1%~107.3%）以及成熟期籽粒干质量的增加（增幅为19.5%和38.0%）,具有显著的增产效应.②反硝化细菌丰度对CO₂倍增的响应与生育期及施氮水平有关,CO₂倍增在2个施氮水平均抑制分蘖期反硝化细菌的繁殖,显著增加孕穗期反硝化细菌数量;在水稻扬花期,CO₂倍增促进了施氮处理narG和nirS型反硝化细菌数量的增加,在成熟期抑制未施氮处理下narG、nirK和nirS型反硝化细菌的生长.另外,narG、nirK、nirS型反硝化细菌丰度整体表现为narG > nirS > nirK,且随水稻的生长,其在成熟期的丰度均呈降低趋势.nirK和nirS基因同属亚硝酸还原酶,但nirS基因丰度高于nirK,且对CO₂倍增和施氮的响应有所差异.研究显示,CO₂倍增可显著增加水稻生长和产量,不同施氮水平对稻田土壤反硝化细菌丰度的影响存在差异.      

序批式生物膜反应器挂膜启动实现短程硝化

常温条件下(20～25℃),以模拟的人工配水为研究对象,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),在初期挂膜的基础上,笔者运用两种不同的挂膜方式即重新加入新泥和不加新泥而加大进水COD浓度来实现生物膜的快速启动。实验表明,2种挂膜启动通过14 d的培养与富集,NH4+-N与COD的处理效果都能分别达到85%和75%以上。将剩余污泥排尽后,采用第1种挂膜方式的反应器通过连续间歇曝气,达到了比较好的短程硝化效果。调整溶解氧,并且通过先下降后上升曝气量的方式,能进一步提高亚氮的出水。最终在DO为3.6 mg/L时,亚氮的积累率能达到平均74%左右,达到了比较好的亚硝化效果。而第2种挂膜方式培养的生物膜则以好氧反硝化菌为主,去除的氨氮由同化作用和培养的好氧反硝化菌去除,以后者为主。通过比较可以看出,为了实现短程硝化,第1种挂膜方式比第2种更具有优越性,有利于硝化菌种的生长和亚氮的积累,而第2种方式则有利于培养好氧反硝化菌。