Advances in research on haloalkane dehalogenases and its sulfur mustard degradation function北大核心CSCD

Sulfur Mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulphide, HD), also known as yperite, is one of the most important blister agents. It could react with a large number of biological molecules with a strong cytotoxicity effect, resulting in blistering, erosion and necrosis of the skin and various tissues. Recently, several classes of microbial enzymes have been found to be able to degrade HD with high catalytic activity but no disadvantages of the common chemical decontamination of HD. Haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs, EC3.8.1.5) draws great research attention for environmentally friendly decontaminating HD with only nontoxic thiodiglycol produced. In order to provide theoretical reference basis for enzymatic decontamination of HD, this paper reviews the observation and evolutionary relationship, structures, substrate specificities, catalytic properties and potential applications of these HLDs with high catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The analysis shows that these HLDs belonging to the same subfamily have different substrate specificities but similar spatial structures of the catalytic triad contributing to the common SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism for catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The paper also suggests that the problems on improving poor stability of HLDs and efficiency of catalytic hydrolysis of HD should be addressed by methods of molecular biology, genetic engineering and immobilized techniques.     

高含固污泥水热预处理中碳、氮、磷、硫转化规律

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥为对象,探讨其在165℃下经50 min水热预处理的碳、氮、磷、硫转化规律.结果表明,水热预处理可有效水解污泥中有机组分,VSS水解率达43.35%.碳、氮、磷、硫在水热预处理过程中表现出不同的转化规律,蛋白质和碳水化合物的水解率分别为54.36%和65.12%,溶解态有机物的主要组分为溶解态蛋白质(52.18%);不溶态有机氮的水解率54.23%,氨氮占溶解态凯氏氮的22.13%,水解液中的氮主要以有机氮形式存在;总磷水解率为30.52%,磷酸盐占溶解态总磷的79.84%,说明在水热预处理过程中聚磷酸盐在聚磷菌细胞破碎后极易被水解为磷酸盐;总硫水解率为50.03%,硫化物占溶解态总硫的0.50%,而有机硫很难水解为硫化物.通过水热预处理后物质转化及组分分析,旨在为高含固污泥有效处理提供一定的理论参考.     

环嗪酮对生态环境影响评价研究

在实验室测定了环嗪酮有不同ｐＨ条件下的水解、不同土壤中的降解及其在直径为２ｃｍ长为３０ｃｍ的玻璃管中的淋溶移动情况，试验结果表明，环嗪酮在ｐＨ为５、７、９三种不同缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为５１７９．３、２４１３．９、８６６．４天；在东北黑土、江苏黄棕壤、浙江黄壤与江西红壤四种不同土壤中的降解半衰期分别为４０．３、９．６、７７．１和１２０．３天；在上述四种土壤中的移动速率次序为东北黑土＜江苏黄棕＜浙江黄壤＜江西红壤。田间试验结果表明，环嗪酮在试验区土壤中的淋溶性能极高，施药后半月内即可淋溶到６０～１２０ｃｍ深的土层中，淋溶到６０ｃｍ以下土层中的量占环嗪酮总使用量的１４．７％，在试验区内外的观测井中也检测到它的残留。但其在土壤的消失速率也很快，施药２个月后，在试验区各土层与观测井中均已无残留检出，在试验区环境条件下，它的使用将不会导致对地下水的污染。     

Degradation kinetics of tebufenozide in model aquatic systems under controlled laboratory conditions

Abstract

The hydrolysis of the insecticide tebufenozide was studied in the dark at 20 to 40°C in buffered (pH 4 to 10) distilled water, and at 20°C in unbuffered, sterilized and unsterilized stream water. Tebufenozide was very stable in acidic and neutral buffers at 20°C and the corresponding pseudo‐first‐order rate constants (k_obsd) and half‐lives (T_1/2) were 5.946 × 10^‐4 and 13.10 × 10^‐4 d^‐1, and 1166 and 529 d, respectively. The hydrolytic degradation was dependent on pH and temperature. At pH 10 and at 20,30 and 40°C, the k_obsd (10^‐4 d^‐1) and T_1/2 (d) values were 34.22, 66.72 and 130.0; and 203, 104 and 53.3, respectively. The energy of activation (E_a) values for the hydrolysis of tebufenozide at pH 4, 7 and 10, calculated from the Arrhenius plots, were 83.50, 66.71 and 50.87 kJ/mol, respectively. Tebufenozide was stable in sterilized stream water in the dark (T_1/2 = 734 d) but it degraded fairly rapidly in unsterilized stream water (T_1/2 = 181 d). Sunlight photodegradation of the chemical was slower (T_1/2 = 83.0 h) than the photolysis by ultraviolet radiations (T_1/2 values at 254 and 365 nm were 9.92 and 27.6 h, respectively); nevertheless, it was still appreciable during the summer months at 46°31’ N latitude. The differences in degradation rates between the unsterilized and sterilized stream water and the degradation of the chemical in the sterile, distilled water in sunlight, suggests that microbial processes and photolysis are the two main degradative routes for tebufenozide in natural aquatic systems.     

Influence of Cadmium Ions on the Activities of Enzymes Responsible for Membrane Digestion in Carp

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

基于硅酮母粒的两相分配气升式生物反应器处理氯苯废气的研究

疏水性污染物的去除是废气生物净化的难点.以硅酮母粒为非水相介质构建两相分配体系处理氯苯废气,结果表明,硅酮母粒对氯苯具有较高的亲和性,无生物毒性和生物降解性,且吸附于硅酮母粒表面的菌体对其相间分配系数没有明显影响.采用气升式生物反应器连续净化氯苯废气,当进气浓度为1000 mg·m~(-3)时,单相体系的去除率为60%;而添加了硅酮母粒的两相体系去除率达到90%,且CO_2矿化率较高,抗冲击负荷能力更好,说明硅酮母粒能有效强化气升式生物反应器净化氯苯废气的效果.该系统的最适硅酮母粒比例和停留时间分别为10%和90 s.以最大传质速率(β~*_s)来衡量氯苯的传质效果,发现硅酮母粒的添加使得β~*_s提升20%以上.     

Trapping pheromonal components with silicone rubber tubes: fatty acid secretions in honeybees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>)

Summary. We describe the use of pieces of silicone tubing to analyse the mandibular gland components of queen and worker honeybees and show that these compounds can be efficiently trapped on bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) treated pieces of tubing. The use of this technique rather than that of solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques with commercially available fibres that have been shown to be efficient at sampling secretions from the cuticle of insects, is necessitated by a requirement for collection of large sample numbers in a short space of time or for sampling in the field. The technique may be generalised for use with semiochemicals of low volatility in other insect communciation systems.     

柑橘皮中果胶提取条件的研究

利用酸性水解乙醇沉淀法提取果胶,分别测定了不同的浸泡时间、酸碱度及水解温度对果胶产率的影响.结果表明:浸泡时间与水解时间过长或过短,酸碱度及水解温度过高或过低,果胶的产率均不高,只有浸泡时间在2h左右、水解时间在2～2.5h、pH在2～3之间、水解温度在80～95℃时果胶的得率最大.     

Water transport in polylactic acid (PLA), PLA/ polycaprolactone copolymers, and PLA/polyethylene glycol blends

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a hydrolytically degradable aliphatic polyester, and water vapor permeability may have a significant influence on the rate of degradation. A method is devised to use bags prepared from PLA films and filled with molecular sieves to determine the water vapor permeability in the polymer, its copolymers with caprolactone, and blends with polyethylene glycol. The “solution-diffusion” model is used to determine the permeability parameters. These include the solubility coefficient,S, a measure of the equilibrium water concentration available for hydrolysis and the diffusion coefficient,D, which characterizes the rate of water vapor diffusion into the film under specific conditions. Values ofS andD at 50‡C and 90% relative humidity ranged from 400 × 10^-6 to 1000 × 10^-6 cm³ (STP)/(cm³ Pa) and 0.20 × 10^-6 to 1.0 × 10^-6 cm²/s, respectively. TheS andD coefficients were also measured at 20 and 40‡C and compared to those of other polymers. The degree of crystallinity was found to have little influence on the measured permeability parameters. The heat of sorption, δH_S, and the activation energy of diffusion, E_D, were used to show that the permeability process is best described by the “water cluster” model for hydrophobic polymers. Finally, the diffusion coefficient is used to compare the rate of water diffusion to the rate of water consumption by ester hydrolysis. Results indicate that hydrolytic degradation of PLA is reaction-controlled.     

水解-接触氧化-气浮-生物碳工艺处理高浓度印染废水工程实例

采用水解 接触氧化 气浮 生物碳工艺处理印染废水 ,设计规模为 14 4 0m3 d。总排放口水质为 :pH =6 98,CODCr=83mg L ,BOD5=2 3 5mg L ,SS=5 3mg L ,色度 =4 0倍。