滤料粒径对BAF小尺度下流场形态及挂膜速度的影响

为探讨颗粒粒径对曝气生物滤池(BAF)运行效果的影响,采用数值模拟和实验研究方法分析了滤料粒径对曝气生物滤池流场形态及挂膜速度的作用机理.选用5个颗粒尺寸结构空间作为计算区域,利用Fluent软件对相同颗粒间隙、不同颗粒粒径下BAF小尺度下的流场形态进行模拟分析,并通过对3种粒径下流线图、速度矢量图、压力分布及湍流强度变化的对比分析,发现颗粒粒径为3 mm时流场形态最好,最有利于气水混合及氧传质的进行.同时,为验证模拟结果的正确性,对同种材质、相同运行条件下3种不同颗粒粒径进行挂膜速度对比,通过考察挂膜启动28 d的COD去除率变化及污泥生物量的对比分析,发现颗粒粒径为3 mm时,运行最为稳定,系统运行第16 d时就达到了80%的COD去除效率.     

辽河流域畜禽养殖污染源仿真研究

随着国家对流域水质改善要求的逐渐提高,流域污染源管理变得日益重要。提出了一种基于CPNTOOLS的辽河流域畜禽养殖行业污染源仿真技术,并采用CPNTOOLS软件对辽河流域内一家典型畜禽养殖基地进行了仿真研究,经过多次仿真与数据统计分析,分别得出了该畜禽养殖基地的CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN日排放量的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间,并结合排水量分别计算出各污染物指标排放浓度的区间。结合BAT处理技术对污染物浓度削减进行了计算仿真,并得出了处理后CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN排放浓度的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间以及排放浓度的极大值和极小值。     

FAO生产潜力模型中基本参数的修正

用美国Licor -6200便携式光合作用测定仪对黄淮海主要作物叶片光合进行了测定 ,建立了较强机理的冠层光合模型 ,模型时间积分为瞬时尺度并充分考虑了株型对冠层光合的影响 ,验证结果表明模型具有较高的准确度。在此基础上 ,对deWit在1965年用数值模式计算出的、目前仍在国内大量使用的FAO生产力模型中最基本的参数进行了重新计算 ,发现FAO生产力模型中基本参数对黄淮海地区而言存在较大偏差。文中重新给出了冬小麦、夏玉米两种作物冠层CO2 日总同化量随纬度分布表 ,为以后更准确地计算中国不同作物生产潜力提供了最基本的模型参数 ,同时文中也阐明了作者对国内生产潜力研究的一些观点和看法。     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

基于NLMSFD模式对风速分布规律的数值模拟——以山东威海风电场为例

针对风电场建设要求,论文利用非线性高分辨率数值模式NLMSFD尝试对山东荣成地区风资源进行评估。在试验区域内,分别选取两座测风塔不同高度上1年的月平均风速观测资料作为驱动值,利用模式对试验区的风速分布进行了模拟试验,获取了试验区100 m×100 m分辨率条件下风速一年四季的空间分布信息,并将模拟值与实测值对比,分析了模式在试验区地形及粗糙度条件下的模拟精度,评价了NLMSFD模式的可适用性。结果表明,模式的模拟结果基本能反映出月平均风速的时空变化规律,但两塔位置处模拟值与观测值的相对误差随高度和季节变化有所不同。从季节上看,模式的模拟结果在冬季较好,夏季误差稍大,春、秋次之;从高度上看,除10 m高度外,其它高度层的相对误差大多在10%以内。利用不同位置的观测资料驱动模式,模拟结果的精度也受影响。如利用远离海岸边的观测资料驱动模式要比近海观测资料驱动模式所得的模拟结果好;同时对于近海的测风塔,采用距地面位置较高的观测资料作为驱动值要比采用10 m高度的资料驱动模式的模拟精度好。这些结果说明NLMSFD模式在精细化风资源评估及风电场选址中具有一定的参考应用价值。     

基于物理过程的矿区地下水污染风险评价

目前国内外所做的地下水污染风险评价的实例研究一般都是从地下水的脆弱性研究出发,并未过多地考虑特征污染物对污染后果的影响.脆弱性是环境对污染物的自然敏感性,而地下水污染评价中更应当体现出污染物在地下水中的迁移分布特性.为了完善地下水污染风险评价的理论和方法,以某尾矿区为例提出了基于物理过程的地下水污染风险评价方法,在污染发生之前,根据经济社会的敏感性条件和污染物将来可能的分布范围,事先划分各个污染风险等级在含水层空间上的分布范围,然后据此反推各个风险等级所对应的污染物源强,以此作为地下水污染风险评价等级的划分标准,通过对污染物在包气带和含水层中的运移进行数值模拟来评价尾矿区地下水的污染风险.结果表明,这种基于物理过程的地下水污染风险评价方法可以给出污染物浓度和风险水平在空间和时间上的分布规律,对于单个点状的污染场地来说,具有详尽的风险表征方式,优于以往基于含水层固有脆弱性指数法的风险评价方法,该方法适用于现有污染场地的风险评价、场地优化选址和为场地建设提供设计参数.     

基于天气背景天津大气污染输送特征分析

区域输送是大气污染防治中需要考虑的重要因素,本文利用大气化学模式定量估算2016年10月~2017年9月区域输送对天津的影响,重点基于天气背景分析区域输送影响和气象条件的关系,为京津冀地区大气污染联防联控提供支撑.结果表明,京津冀地区各城市区域输送贡献百分率平原城市显著高于沿山城市,天津一次PM_2.5本地贡献62.9%,区域输送贡献37.1%,主要受沧州、廊坊、河北中南部、北京、唐山和山东等地输送影响,每年4~6月区域输送最显著,7~8月区域输送最弱.区域输送与天气形势、风场和降水等气象条件密切相关,高压后和锋前低压是区域输送占比最高的两种污染天气类型,西南风、西风和南风3个风向下天津大气污染输送影响最为明显,风速2~3 m ·s^-1时最有利于PM_2.5区域传输,降水超过5 mm以上将降低大气污染物区域传输效率.对于不同污染类型和重污染阶段,轻度污染天气时区域输送贡献最为明显,比均值偏高20.5%,重污染天气虽受静稳气团控制,但由于周边区域高浓度的PM_2.5,污染气团迁移对区域内污染聚集传输有显著影响,重污染期间PM_2.5输送贡献占比超过均值,约偏高10%~15%.重污染过程中,开始积累阶段和峰值阶段,输送贡献占比高于其它时期,与暴发阶段相比偏高14.5%和19.5%,重污染暴发阶段本地排放贡献更明显,比均值偏高9.9%.     

Assessment of lead pollution in topsoils of a southern Italy area: Analysis of urban and peri-urban environment

Exposure to lead (Pb) may affect adversely human health. Mapping soil Pb contents is essential to obtain a quantitative estimate of potential risk of Pb contamination. The main aim of this paper was to determine the soil Pb concentrations in the urban and peri-urban area of Cosenza–Rende to map their spatial distribution and assess the probability that soil Pb concentration exceeds a critical threshold that might cause concern for human health. Samples were collected at 149 locations from residual and non-residual topsoil in gardens, parks, flower-beds, and agricultural fields. Fine earth fraction of soil samples was analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Stochastic images generated by the sequential Gaussian simulation were jointly combined to calculate the probability of exceeding the critical threshold that could be used to delineate the potentially risky areas. Results showed areas in which Pb concentration values were higher to the Italian regulatory values. These polluted areas were quite large and likely, they could create a significant health risk for human beings and vegetation in the near future. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach can be used to study soil contamination to produce geochemical maps, and identify hot-spot areas for soil Pb concentration.     

系统动力学应用于中国区域绿色发展政策仿真的方法学综述

绿色发展是我国"十三五"时期五大发展理念之一,是解决我国发展与保护矛盾的根本途径。系统动力学是模拟宏观社会经济发展趋势和政策效力的常用分析工具,本文对系统动力学在中国区域绿色发展政策仿真中的应用进行了梳理。研究显示:系统动力学应用的区域范围方面,该方法全面应用于从国家直至县域等各个尺度的区域绿色发展研究,区域绿色发展通常被分解为经济、社会、资源、环境等子系统;应用的主要领域方面,水土资源、能源、水环境、固废治理、绿色产业等领域应用较多,大气环境、绿色消费等领域应用相对较少;方法的改进和完善方面,软系统分析法、各类优化方法和地理信息系统与系统动力学的集成应用日益普遍。文末根据文献梳理情况,提出未来应在决策变量设计、历史数据挖掘、环境系统对经济系统的反馈等方面进行方法改进。     

Calibration and Verification of SWMM for Low Impact Development

The Storm Water Management Model was used to simulate runoff and nutrient export from a low impact development (LID) watershed and a watershed using traditional runoff controls. Predictions were compared to observed values. Uncalibrated simulations underpredicted weekly runoff volume and average peak flow rates from the multiple subcatchment LID watershed by over 80%; the single subcatchment traditional watershed had better predictions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Manning's n for swales, and initial soil moisture deficit were sensitive parameters. After calibration, prediction of total weekly runoff volume for the LID and traditional watersheds improved to within 12 and 5% of observed values, respectively. For the validation period, predicted total weekly runoff volumes for the LID and traditional watersheds were within 6 and 2% of observed values, respectively. Water quality simulation was less successful, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients >0.5 for both calibration and validation periods were only achieved for prediction of total nitrogen export from the LID watershed. Simulation of a 100‐year, 24‐h storm resulted in a runoff coefficient of 0.46 for the LID watershed and 0.59 for the traditional watershed. Results suggest either calibration is needed to improve predictions for LID watersheds or expanded look‐up tables for Green–Ampt infiltration parameter values that account for compaction of urban soil and antecedent conditions are needed.