时空效应下PM2.5的环境库兹涅茨曲线——基于动态空间面板视角

经济发展与环境保护的平衡一直是人们关心的话题,为分析空气质量水平与经济发展程度之间的关系,即环境库兹涅茨曲线,本研究利用2013—2017年中国省级PM_(2.5)污染数据,运用动态空间面板数据模型,从而控制相邻省份的空气质量水平与本地上期污染水平,实证分析中国PM_(2.5)环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在性及空间溢出性.结果表明:①PM_(2.5)的环境库兹涅茨曲线在省级基础上表现为倒U形,即随着初期经济水平的发展,大气污染会不断增加,在经济发展到一定水平后,大气污染开始降低;②东部、中部省份的空气污染表现与全国一致,而西部省份尚无显著趋势,只有第一产业产量与空气污染水平呈负相关;③中国整体的PM_(2.5)污染具有显著的空间溢出性;④对二氧化硫和氮氧化物进行环境库兹涅茨曲线研究,发现全国平均而言还处在大气污染的上升阶段.研究表明,中国各地区处在大气污染发展路径的不同阶段上,而且空气污染的治理模式应采取区域联合分块治理的策略.     

会仙岩溶湿地水体金属元素分布与健康风险评价

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区域,对该区域内4种主要类型水（井水、地表河水、地下河水和溶潭水）的23组样品中9种金属元素（As、Cr、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Mn和Hg）进行检测和分析,运用多元统计方法和健康风险评价模型分别研究了9种金属元素在4种类型水中的浓度特征和健康风险.结果显示,会仙岩溶湿地水体中金属元素平均浓度顺序为Al > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > As > Hg > Cu > Pb,井水中Hg（1.08 μg ·L^-1）、地表河水中Hg（0.78 μg ·L^-1）和Mn（259.00 μg ·L^-1）以及溶潭水中Hg（0.47 μg ·L^-1）和Al（300.00 μg ·L^-1）的最大浓度已超过我国相应水质标准,地下河水样中未出现金属元素超标.从水体中金属元素角度,井水和地下河水质总体优于地表河水和溶潭水.井水中Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn浓度主要与地质背景值有关,溶潭水中Al和Pb浓度主要受北部硫铁矿开采和居民活动影响,河流中As和Mn浓度可能受旅游活动、渔业养殖和河道底泥综合影响.健康风险评价结果显示,4种类型水中9种金属元素通过饮用水途径和皮肤入渗途径引起的年均总健康风险顺序为井水 > 地下河水 > 溶潭水 > 地表河水,井水中金属元素通过饮用水途径对成人（6.11×10^-5 a^-1）和儿童（6.67×10^-5 a^-1）引起的年均总健康风险值已超过最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5 a^-1）.Cr是引起年均致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,在饮用前需对井水中的Hg和Cr污染物进行适当控制.     

基于统计-FloodArea模型的平原水网区致灾临界雨量研究

论文基于江苏老濉河流域降水、水位和流量观测数据,利用统计-FloodArea模型相结合的方法计算了平原水网区致灾临界雨量。从水位变幅角度构建了流域不同时段累计面雨量-洪水涨幅统计模型,并计算出致灾临界雨量。在修订河道高程的基础上,利用FloodArea模型模拟典型暴雨洪涝事件的动态淹没过程,建立不同时段累计面雨量与模拟水位涨幅之间的幂函数关系,计算出另一组致灾临界雨量。对比发现两组致灾临界雨量基本一致,24 h三个等级致灾临界雨量对应泗洪气象站167 a、17 a和2 a一遇降水量。统计模型能较好地捕捉短时降水与洪水涨幅的关系,FloodArea模型则更好地反映了长历时暴雨洪涝事件的雨洪关系,整合两种方法,可得到更科学的平原水网区暴雨洪涝致灾临界雨量。     

基于多元统计分析的辽东湾沉积物痕量金属地球化学特征

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中痕量金属的地球化学特征和可能产生的生物效应,于2015年在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定其中13种痕量金属污染物的含量,并采用多元统计分析法对其地球化学特征进行研究. 结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Al)、w(V)、w(Cr)、w(Mn)、w(Fe)、w(Co)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Ba)和w(Pb)平均值分别为55 726.95、76.21、35.59、852.85、30 482.16、11.98、27.88、21.60、76.53、9.16、0.17、396.78和21.72 mg/kg;其中w(Al)最高,占63.51%;w(Fe)其次,占34.74%. 多元统计分析结果表明,痕量金属受氧化还原环境影响强烈,V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd在沉积物的氧化还原循环中易被Fe氧化物吸附,与Fe氧化物产生共生关系. Ba与Pb存在共生关系,具有相似的物质来源和地球化学特征;Mn是海洋沉积物中主要化学成分;Cr一般和沉积物中的陆地碎屑相结合. 生态效应浓度评价表明,Ni和As偶尔会产生不利的生物效应,产生几率分别为97%和63%;Ni、As、Cu、Pb和Cr长期暴露会产生毒性效应,产生几率分别为100%、94%、74%、6%和3%,Zn和Cd不会产生毒性效应. 根据对生物产生负面效应和毒性效应的概率,痕量金属污染程度的排序为Ni＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn=Cd.      

2016年5-6月国内生产安全事故统计分析

统计了2016年5-6月国内发生的各种生产安全事故99起,其中包括交通事故、矿业事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄漏与中毒和其他事故.统计表明,在99起事故中,交通事故占55.56％,矿业事故占5.05％,爆炸事故占5.05％,火灾占6.06％,毒物泄漏与中毒占5.05％,其他事故占23.23％.99起事故共死亡468人.死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故52.56％,矿业事故4.49％,爆炸事故4.06％,火灾5.34％,毒物泄漏与中毒3.21％,其他事故30.34％.2016年5--6月生产安全事故发生较多的6个省分别为安徽(9起)、河南(7起)、广东(7起)、云南(6起)、山西(6起)和山东(6起);死亡人数较多的6个省分别为湖南(44人)、浙江(43人)、河南(42人)、辽宁(36人)、安徽(27人)和广东(27人).     

2012-2014年广州能见度变化特征及与PM2.5关系研究

根据广州市2012年1月-2014年4月的大气能见度,PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2、NOx、CO等大气污染物,以及气象要素的实时监测资料,分析了近年来广州市大气能见度变化特征,探究了能见度与大气污染物、气象要素之间的关系,并对PM2.5、相对湿度等主要因素对能见度的综合影响进行定量分析,并基于以上综合分析建立了高精度的能见度统计模型.结果表明:2012年1月-2013年12月广州市大气能见度呈好转趋势,到2013年能见度年均值约为13.01 km,为1973-2007年平均水平的约1.2倍;广州市大气能见度及灰霾日频率季节特征明显,其中春、冬季节是低能见度时期,也是灰霾多发季节,灰霾日频率达到50％左右;PM2.5、相对湿度为近年影响广州市能见度的主要因子,相关系数分别达-0.556、-0.335 (p ＜0.01).研究表明,最终所建立的多函数拟合统计模型对能见度模拟效果较好,相关系数达到0.90(p＜0.01),平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、均方根误差分别为1.281 km、13.3％、1.767 km.     

Living at the Edge: Local versus Positional Factors in the Long‐Term Population Dynamics of an Endangered Orchid

Abstract: Populations at the margin of geographic ranges of distribution have been considered more vulnerable than central ones, but recent reviews have caste doubt on this generalization. We examined the reproductive and demographic performance of a rare Euroasiatic orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) at its southwesterly range limit and compared our findings with those of previous studies of nine central populations at the center of the orchid's range. We sought to test the central‐marginal model and to evaluate factors involved in long‐term performance of forest Eurosiberian species with peripheral populations in southern European mountains. We characterized (structure, temporal fluctuations, herbivory, reproductive success, and recruitment at different habitats) four Pyrenean populations of C. calceolus of different sizes (5–3500 ramets) and monitored three of them for up to 13 years. Two quantitative stochastic models (count data and matrix models) were used to assess population trends and viability and the effect of herbivory. Contrary to expectations, and despite the negative effect of sporadic events of herbivory, the peripheral populations we studied (except the smallest one) performed similarly or better than populations occurring in central part of the species’ range in terms of reproductive success and population growth rates. Landscape changes over the last 50 years suggest that natural reforestation could be involved in the success of this plant at its southern limit. Forest expansion in the mountain regions of southern Europe may provide new opportunities for plants with geographic distributions centered mainly at higher latitudes and give some hope for their recovery in future scenarios dominated by biodiversity loss.     

A spatial approach to combatting wildlife crime

Poaching can have devastating impacts on animal and plant numbers, and in many countries has reached crisis levels, with illegal hunters employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. We used data from an 8‐year study in Savé Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe, to show how geographic profiling—a mathematical technique originally developed in criminology and recently applied to animal foraging and epidemiology—can be adapted for use in investigations of wildlife crime. The data set contained information on over 10,000 incidents of illegal hunting and the deaths of 6,454 wild animals. We used a subset of data for which the illegal hunters’ identities were known. Our model identified the illegal hunters’ home villages based on the spatial locations of the hunting incidences (e.g., snares). Identification of the villages was improved by manipulating the probability surface inside the conservancy to reflect the fact that although the illegal hunters mostly live outside the conservancy, the majority of hunting occurs inside the conservancy (in criminology terms, commuter crime). These results combined with rigorous simulations showed for the first time how geographic profiling can be combined with GIS data and applied to situations with more complex spatial patterns, for example, where landscape heterogeneity means some parts of the study area are less likely to be used (e.g., aquatic areas for terrestrial animals) or where landscape permeability differs (e.g., forest bats tend not to fly over open areas). More broadly, these results show how geographic profiling can be used to target antipoaching interventions more effectively and more efficiently and to develop management strategies and conservation plans in a range of conservation scenarios.     

Implications of network particle tracking (NPT) for ecological model interpretation

Network particle tracking (NPT), building on the foundation of network environ analysis (NEA), is a new development in the definition of coherence relations within and between connected systems. This paper evaluates three ecosystem models in a comparison of throughflow- and storage-based NEA and NPT. Compartments in models with high indirect effects and Finn cycling showed low correlation of NEA storage and throughflow with particle repeat visits and numbers of particles in compartments at steady state. Conversely, the correlation between NEA and NPT results was high with two models having lower indirect effects and Finn cycling. Analysis of ecological orientors associated with NEA showed NPT to fully support conventional NEA results when the common conditions of donor control and steady state are satisfied. Particle trajectories are recorded in the new concept of a particle “passport”. Ability to track and record particle in-system histories enables views of multiple scales and opens the possibility of making pathway-dependent modeling decisions. NPT may also enable modeling of time, allowing integration of Newtonian, organismal and stochastic modeling perspectives in a single comprehensive analysis.     

机械制造企业安全事故统计分析与对策研究

本文统计分析了4家机械制造企业11年导致人员死亡和重伤的28起安全事故案例，结果表明这些企业安全事故总体发展趋势和企业业务发展有密切的联系，企业安全事故的事故类型、事故原因和事故岗位分布有非常明显的行业特征；最后根据统计分析结果提出了调研企业在预防安全事故方面需要加强的管理对策和措施。