土壤氮素矿化模型研究进展

土壤氮素矿化研究对从农田生态系统氮素平衡到全球变化和环境问题均具有重要意义。土壤氮素矿化模型的研究方面．目前主要还是以简单功能模型模拟和预测氮素矿化量为主,以双组分一阶动力学模型和一阶-零阶混和动力学模型拟合效果较好;对机理模型的研究还处于探索阶段。从目前的研究看,土壤氮素矿化模型研究应当集中在建立机理模型以阐明主要生态系统的氮素矿化过程。     

A review of WTO and environmental issues

Multiple negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1947 have conferred economic benefits through liberalized international trade. A growing body of evidence also points to linkages between liberalized trade and damage to the global environment, ecology, and natural resource base. Ironically, the increased economic well-being conferred by trade liberalization ultimately provides the basis for improved environmental protection. It is the interim environmental damage due to trade liberalization that is controversial and needing amelioration. The proposition here is to promote further trade liberalization, but only as long as environmental ethics and sustainability issues are satisfactorily addressed. Trade liberalization should not be permitted at the expense of adequate environmental protection and sustainability. Future WTO rounds need to address both development benefits and environmental ethics issues in a net social welfare maximization setting.     

GIS与大气质量模型结合的探讨

从GIS与大气环境质量模型结合的必要性入手 ,对GIS在大气环境质量模型中的应用、所起作用进行了回顾 ,同时就二者结合的基本方式、步骤、框架等作了一些探讨 ,并指出了其未来的发展趋势。 更多还原      

A Review of WTO and Environmental Issues

Multiple negotiating rounds of the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World TradeOrganization (WTO) since 1947 have conferred economicbenefits through liberalized international trade. Agrowing body of evidence also points to linkagesbetween liberalized trade and damage to the globalenvironment, ecology, and natural resource base.Ironically, the increased economic well-beingconferred by trade liberalization ultimately providesthe basis for improved environmental protection. It isthe interim environmental damage due to tradeliberalization that is controversial and needingamelioration. The proposition here is to promotefurther trade liberalization, but only as long asenvironmental ethics and sustainability issues aresatisfactorily addressed. Trade liberalization shouldnot be permitted at the expense of adequateenvironmental protection and sustainability. FutureWTO rounds need to address both development benefitsand environmental ethics issues in a net socialwelfare maximization setting.     

Situational awareness and safety

This paper considers the applicability of situation awareness concepts to safety in the control of complex systems. Much of the research to date has been conducted in aviation, which has obvious safety implications. It is argued that the concepts could be extended to other safety critical domains. The paper presents three theories of situational awareness: the three-level model, the interactive sub-systems approach, and the perceptual cycle. The difference between these theories is the extent to which they emphasise process or product as indicative of situational awareness. Some data from other studies are discussed to consider the negative effects of losing situational awareness, as this has serious safety implications. Finally, the application of situational awareness to system design, and training are presented.     

2001年4-7月国内安全事故数据

统计了发生在2001年4－7月的国内安全事故408起,包括矿业事故,交通事故,爆炸事故,火灾,毒物泄漏和中毒,建筑事故等。统计分析表明,在这些事故中,矿业事故245起,占60．0％,平均每天2起,其次是交通事故（16．4％）,爆炸事故（10．8％）,毒物泄漏和中毒（4．4％）,建筑事故（3．9％）,火灾（3．2％）,408起事故共死亡1735人,伤2320人,死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故60．3％,交通事故18．3％,爆炸事故8．4％,其他事故5．8％,建筑事故4．2％,火灾2．8％,泄漏中毒0．2％,受伤人数的百分比分别为泄漏中毒28．1％,交通事故19．8％,矿业事故17．2％,火灾14．1％,爆炸事故13．9％,建筑事故5．8％,其他事故1．1％。     

2001年1～3月国内安全事故数据

简要介绍了2001年1－3月内发生的各种安全事故98起,包括火灾、交通事故、爆炸事故、矿业事故、毒物泄露和中毒等,进行了统计和分析。统计表明,在98起事故中,安全事故发全最多的前9个省份分别为江苏（12次）、辽宁（10次）、广东（8次）、广西、浙江（7次）、新疆（6次）、河南、贵州、湖北（5次）,死亡人数最多的前9个省份（直辖市）分别为贵州（61人）、重庆（59人）、广东（51人）、江苏（35人）、广西（32人）、湖南（31人）、浙江（30）、辽宁、新疆（25人）。死亡人数最多的事故为重庆合川太和镇码头的沉船事故,死亡42人。     

Comparing environmental influences on coral bleaching across and within species using clustered binomial regression

Differential susceptibility among reef-building coral species can lead to community shifts and loss of diversity as a result of temperature-induced mass bleaching events. We evaluate environmental influences on coral colony bleaching over an 8-year period in the Florida Keys, USA. Clustered binomial regression is used to develop models incorporating taxon-specific responses to the environment in order to identify conditions and species for which bleaching is likely to be severe. By building three separate models incorporating environment, community composition, and taxon-specific responses to environment, we show observed prevalence of bleaching reflects an interaction between community composition and local environmental conditions. Environmental variables, including elevated sea temperature, solar radiation, and reef depth, explained 90% and 78% of variability in colony bleaching across space and time, respectively. The effects of environmental variables were only partially explained (33% of variability) by corresponding differences in community composition. Taxon-specific models indicated individual coral species responded differently to local environmental conditions and had different sensitivities to temperature-induced bleaching. For many coral species, but not all, bleaching was exacerbated by high solar radiation. A 25% reduction in the probability of bleaching in shallow locations for one species may reflect an ability to acclimatize to local conditions. Overall, model results indicate predictions of coral bleaching require knowledge of not just the environmental conditions or community composition, but the responses of individual species to the environment. Model development provides a useful tool for coral reef management by quantifying the influence of the local environment on individual species bleaching sensitivities, identifying susceptible species, and predicting the likelihood of mass bleaching events with changing environmental conditions.     

Prospective spatial prediction of infectious disease: experience of New York State (USA) with West Nile Virus and proposed directions for improved surveillance

Infectious disease surveillance has become an international top priority due to the perceived risk of bioterrorism. This is driving the improvement of real-time geo-spatial surveillance systems for monitoring disease indicators, which is expected to have many benefits beyond detecting a bioterror event. West Nile Virus surveillance in New York State (USA) is highlighted as a working system that uses dead American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) to prospectively indicate viral activity prior to human onset. A cross-disciplinary review is then presented to argue that this system, and infectious disease surveillance in general, can be improved by complementing spatial cluster detection of an outcome variable with predictive “risk mapping” that incorporates spatiotemporal data on the environment, climate and human population through the flexible class of generalized linear mixed models.