海洋石油污染监测(艹屈)标准物质的研制

介绍了[艹屈]标准物质的研究、制备方法,进行了均匀性检验、稳定性检验,统计计算了检验结果。结果表明,该标准物质的均匀性和稳定性良好,在5a内有效,标准物质符合国家标准,可用于海洋环境监测。     

安全生产违章行为的人口因素影响模型研究——基于省级面板数据的协整方法

为了探讨人口因素对安全生产违章行为的影响,基于省级面板数据,构建安全生产违章行为数量与作业人员人口因素之间的固定效应变系数模型。实证研究,从业者的受教育程度、第二产业在岗职工平均工资以及人员数量规模等因素,影响违章行为方式及程度。结果表明:受教育程度的提高将显著抑制违章行为的发生;提高作业人员工资将增加违章行为的成本进而遏制违章行为的产生,但这一效果会受到作业人员所持有的风险态度的影响;作业人员规模的增加将提高工伤事故率。建议从提供受培训教育机会、提高违章成本、降低第二产业比重、减少高危行业作业人员数量等方面采取措施遏制违章行为。     

β射线法空气PM_(10)监测结果的准确性探讨

目前国内有很多地市使用β射线法仪器监测空气PM10,本文结合实际,在国内PM10连续自动监测质量控制体系相对薄弱且国家尚未开展标准膜片检定与溯源的情况下,对在用β射线法仪器PM10监测结果的准确性进行了一些实验探讨,期望能提供给同行参考。     

Impact of climate changes on pollution levels in Denmark

The impact of climate changes on the pollution levels in Denmark is the major topic of this paper. Variations of the Danish air pollution levels that are caused by climatic changes are studied together with variations caused by other factors (emissions, inter-annual variability of meteorological conditions, etc.). The Unified Danish Eulerian Model (UNI-DEM) was run on a fine, 10 km × 10 km, grid over a space domain covering all of Europe to minimize the influence of the boundary conditions on the Danish pollution levels. This study is based on four categories of scenarios: (i) traditional scenarios, (ii) climatic scenarios, (iii) scenarios with variations of the human-made (anthropogenic) emissions and (iv) scenarios in which the biogenic emissions were varied. The total number of applied scenarios was 14, and a time-period of 16 years was used. The results show clearly that although the concentrations of the major pollutants do not depend too much on the climatic changes, some quantities, in particular quantities related to high ozone levels, might be increased significantly as a result of the warming trends in the future climate. The reason for this phenomenon is explained.     

2001年12月-2002年2月国内安全事故数据

统计了2001年12月2002年2月国内发生的各种安全事故592起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故等.统计表明,在592起事故中,矿业事故最多,占51.1 4%,平均每天3起事故,其次是交通事故(19.9%)、爆炸事故(15.2%)、火灾(5.6%)、其他事故(4.6%)、毒物泄露和中毒(3.4%).592起事故共死亡1 526人,伤2 469人,死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故39.2%、交通事故36.8%、爆炸事故14.5%、火灾4.1%、其他事故3.7%、泄露中毒1.7%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故46.9%、爆炸事故18.2%、泄露中毒12.2%、其他事故11.8%、矿业事故8.6%、火灾2.2%.     

实验室能力验证中的分割水平检测样品与稳健统计技术

论述了分割水平检测样品和稳健统计技术在对实验室能力验证活动中的应用,并对导致CNAL T040水中金属元素检测能力验证计划中部分结果异常的原因进行了分析。     

珠江口沉积物中痕量金属富集研究

由相关系数和主成份分析 ,选择铁和铝作为沉积物中痕量金属浓度的均一化元素 .沉积层面中金属浓度超过线性基线模型的 95 %预测上限被视为富集 .结果表明 ,珠江口沉积物中金属富集主要出现在西部浅水区和东侧航道 ,明显受河口水动力条件和沿岸人类活动的影响 .富集层面中痕量金属大部分结合在相对稳定的地球化学相上 ,生物可给性较低 .痕量金属富集的空间分布表明铜和锌主要来自点源排放 ,铅则表现出非点源特征 .     

A MONTE CARLO TEST OF LOAD CALCULATION METHODS,LAKE TAHOE BASIN,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The sampling of streams and estimation of total loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment play an important role in efforts to control the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. We used a Monte Carlo procedure to test the precision and bias of four methods of calculating total constituent loads for nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment in one major tributary of the lake. The methods tested were two forms of the Beale's Ratio Estimator, the Period Weighted Sample, and the Rating Curve. Intensive sampling in 1985 (a dry year) and 1986 (a wet year) provided a basis for estimating loads by the “worked record” method for comparison with estimates based on resampling actual data at the lower intensity that characterizes the present monitoring program. The results show that: (1) the Period Weighted Sample method was superior to the other methods for all constituents for 1985; and (2) for total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and suspended sediment, the Rating Curve gave the best results in 1986. Modification of the present sampling program and load calculation methods may be necessary to improve the precision and reduce the bias of estimates of total phosphorus loads in basin streams.     

降雨型泥石流（水石流）预报模型研究

根据泥石流暴发具有某种周期性的特点，在获取了大量野外调查资料和历史资料的基础上，对降雨型泥石流进行了预报模型研究，并以北京市北部山区密云县为例作了泥石流预报尝试。以层次分析法和多元回归方法所得出的泥石流空间预报和时间预报模型对于泥石流的预报具有重要意义。     

Identifying key issues in environmental wetland research using scaling and uncertainty analysis

Quantification of the response of wetlands to environmental change and of climate change to wetland processes, is a pressing, but complex, issue. Findings of widely diverse investigations have to be generalised to identify the key issues and the gaps in knowledge. Two tools for generalisation, scaling and uncertainty analysis, were applied here to two case studies and act as stepping stones for analysis of key issues. The first case study is on methane emissions from wetland rice fields and the second is on the restoration of wet dune slacks. The type of problems encountered depends on the scale at which a process is studied. At the biogeochemical processes scale, knowledge on some key parameters, but especially on interactions between key parameters is limiting. At the vegetation scale, feedbacks between processes become especially important, whereas at even larger scales increasingly stringent approximations of interactions have to be made. Accumulating uncertainties at the landscape scale need careful evaluation. Apart from uncertainties in the approximations and their interactions, those introduced by spatial and temporal variability as well as by different data sources highly influence the accuracy of response estimates, while these last sources of uncertainty are neglected in many studies. Only by explicitly accounting for scaling effects and their resulting uncertainties, the interactions between wetlands and environment can be understood.