受火方式和防火层对梁柱全焊节点抗火性能影响分析

梁柱节点作为钢结构的重要组成部分,在火灾下极易遭到破坏。全焊节点具有较好的塑性变形能力,且抗震性能较好,在高烈度地震地区广泛应用。采用有限元法对梁柱全焊节点抗火性能进行数值模拟,研究不同受火方式下全焊节点的力学行为,揭示不同受火方式时梁柱各节点处温度变化规律,并对比分析有无防火层对全焊节点温度的影响规律。研究结果表明:不同受火方式对全焊节点温度影响较大。节点全部受火时节点各处温度变化曲线基本接近,结构各部位温差较小,整体处于高温状态;梁柱两面受火时受火面温度马上升高,远离受火位置的节点温度升高缓慢,节点各处温差较大。将节点全部受火与不受火进行对比发现,节点全部受火时节点各处应力明显大于不受火情况,温度升高使节点承载能力下降。在柱内壁和梁下侧施加防火层,升温最快的是防火层区域,且有防火层区域节点温度整体低于无防火层节点,对节点施加防火层可以有效降低整体结构升温。     

关于环形风道比摩阻两种计算方法

就通风空调工程中具有特殊应用的环形风道的摩擦阻力计算问题进行了分析，根据流体力学原理，提出了采用流量当量直径法和直接利用圆形风道计算图风道的比摩阻2种方法，第2种计算方法与流量当量直径法比较，查表时更直接。     

Copper stimulates the incidence of antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and potential pathogens in the gut of black soldier fly larvae

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes. However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of copper (exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts. A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes (MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples. Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs. The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK (increased by 2.8–13.5 times). Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes. Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species. The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance. However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu. These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.     

白鲢罗非鱼对微囊藻毒素急性、亚急性毒性响应

为了探究不同控藻鱼类对产毒微囊藻的适应机制,为生物操纵的鱼种选择提供依据,研究了白鲢和罗非鱼对微囊藻毒素（MC）的生物富集、降解,及两种鱼对毒素的抗性、解毒机制的差异性.结果发现：在喂食微囊藻实验中,白鲢、罗非鱼对MC日摄入量达到10mg/kg,2种鱼均对MC有较强抗性.微囊藻经鱼摄入后,MC总含量在白鲢、罗非鱼粪便中分别下降到71.5%、6.0%,罗非鱼对MC降解能力远高于白鲢.白鲢和罗非鱼的肝系数分别从（1.19±0.21）%、（2.24±0.19）%下降到（0.79±0.06）%、（1.72±0.07）%,均表现出显著差异性下降（P<0.05）.微囊藻毒素在白鲢、罗非鱼肌肉中积累量分别为（1.57±0.31）μg/kg、（10.81±6.52）μg/kg （鲜重）、肝脏中积累量分别为（4.28±1.64）mg/kg、（2.48±0.15）mg/kg （鲜重）.MC在白鲢、罗非鱼肌肉、肝脏中的积累量均存在显著差异性（P<0.05）.罗非鱼肌肉中毒素含量是白鲢的6.9倍.在微囊藻毒素LR （MC-LR）对白鲢和罗非鱼的急性毒性效应实验中,MC-LR对白鲢、罗非鱼的LD₅₀为270和790μg/kg,罗非鱼对毒素有更强耐受性.喂食毒藻和i.p.注射MC均导致白鲢和罗非鱼肝细胞内脂滴大量出现.2种鱼在MC-LR注射后,谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量均表现出6h内明显下降.6h后两种鱼GSH含量均逐步回升,二者差异显著（p<0.05）.实验结果表明,罗非鱼对MC降解能力远高于白鲢.白鲢主要摄食群体微囊藻的群体胶鞘和附着细菌,胞内微囊藻毒素释放量小,白鲢这种摄食机制导致它能以产毒微囊藻为食而受到较轻危害.罗非鱼体内消化酶对微囊藻和MC具较强的消化降解能力;GSH含量及相关酶活性水平高,对体内毒素清除效率高.从食用安全性角度出发,与罗非鱼相比,白鲢是更适合用于控制蓝藻水华的鱼种,可广泛应用于蓝藻水华控制中.     

高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为揭示高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征,分析了抗生素抗性基因在菜地、果园和耕地土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,所有土壤样品中共检出70种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动基因元件,其中β-内酰胺类cphA-01抗性基因是农用地土壤中相对丰度最高的耐药基因.在菜地和果园土壤中,主要的抗性基因亚型为cphA-01和cmx（A）,而耕地土壤以mexF和aacC基因为主.土壤中抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度和多样性均表现为：耕地<菜地<果园,这与不同农用地土壤的养分条件差异有关.类似地,土壤中可移动基因元件的相对丰度和多样性均以耕地土壤为最低,而其最高值分别出现在菜地和果园样品中.高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中可移动基因元件与抗生素抗性基因丰度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明基因水平迁移可能促进抗生素抗性基因在高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中扩散.     

川西北长江黄河源区生态安全格局构建及优化

以生物多样性保护为出发点,聚焦生态环境脆弱、地灾频发的川西北地区,实现阿坝藏族羌族自治州（简称阿坝州）生态安全网络构建及优化。选取高程、坡度、土地覆被、植被覆盖度、地质灾害易发性、距水系距离、距建设用地距离为阻力面因子,加权叠加构建综合阻力面,基于电路理论、利用Linkage Mapper工具,构建阿坝州生态廊道,识别生态节点,进而优化阿坝州生态安全格局。结果表明：识别18处生态源地,面积为28553.83 km²,呈现南部和北部集中分布、东西部零星式分布格局;构建生态廊道39条,识别生态节点61个,其中夹点35个,障碍点26个,呈现中西部区域廊道长、东部廊道短的空间格局;规划核心生态源地8处、中枢生态源地4处、一般生态源地6处,一级生态廊道9条、二级生态廊道22条、三级生态廊道8条,一级生态节点17个、二级生态节点44个,实现生态源地和生态廊道科学分级;提出“两区、两带、三廊”的格局优化体系, 发展高质量旅游业、改善物种迁徙通道、连通河流廊道等措施可有效维护川西北黄河源区的生态安全格局。

     

铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO_2的抗性研究

马尾松在不同浓度铝溶液(0、30、60、120、240、480ppm)中生长两个月后,转移至高温、低温、干旱或SO_2熏气罩中,结果发现,经过铝培养松苗的膜透性显著高于未经过铝培养松苗的膜透性,且铝浓度越大,膜透性越大,表明铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO_2的抵抗性降低.300ppb的SO_2熏气30h后,未经铝培养的松苗没有明显受害症状出现,而经过铝培养的松苗却表现出针叶发黄、叶缘和叶尖出现明显可见伤害斑点等SO_2受害症状,高温、低温和干旱处理的主要症状表现为针叶发黄、萎蔫。     

涂覆式蜂窝状钒钨钛催化剂的SCR及抗中毒性能

为制备性能优异的涂覆式蜂窝状SCR催化剂用于高效去除NO_x,采用正交实验探究添加剂对催化剂的涂覆效果及SCR性能影响。结果表明,当PVA和吐温-20含量分别为0.2%和0.1%,pH为1.5时制备的浆料有较好的负载率、附着率和NO转化率。而后对整体式蜂窝状V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂/堇青石催化剂进行SCR性能测试,其在350~500 ℃区间活性、耐C₃H₈、SO₂和H₂O反应催化活性均在80%以上,在350 ℃时稳定性均高于88%。通过粒径分析、SEM的表征结果表明,该配方制备的浆料能有效减少组分团聚作用,使其小于堇青石孔径,从而拥有较高的负载率和附着率。通过XPS、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD的表征结果表明,C₃H₈、SO₂和H₂O物质的加入会使促进反应的活性物质含量降低,与反应物竞争活性位点,从而降低催化剂氧化还原性能,进而影响催化剂催化活性。但在中高温区间,通过该配方制备的催化剂仍保持良好的酸性位和酸性数量,且与反应物竞争作用降低,从而在中高温度区间仍能保持良好的性能。本研究可为涂覆式蜂窝状催化剂的优化合成、提升其去除氮氧化物及抗中毒性能提供参考。     

船舶海水管路直流杂散电流仿真研究

目的 针对某型船海水管路杂散电流腐蚀穿孔问题,研究海水管路直流杂散电流密度与直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻关系,评估海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀风险,提出直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻要求,为船舶海水管路杂散电流控制提供技术支撑.方法 根据欧姆定律和腐蚀电化学原理,建立船体与海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀仿真方法,模拟海水管路直管、弯管以及...     

Bacteriophages in water pollution control: Advantages and limitations

•Phages can be better indicators of enteric viruses than fecal indicator bacteria. •Multiple phages should be added to the microbial source tracking toolbox. •Engineered phage or phage cocktail can effectively target resistant bacteria. •In phage use, phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer cannot be ignored. •More schemes are needed to prevent phage concentration from decreasing. Wastewater is a breeding ground for many pathogens, which may pose a threat to human health through various water transmission pathways. Therefore, a simple and effective method is urgently required to monitor and treat wastewater. As bacterial viruses, bacteriophages (phages) are the most widely distributed and abundant organisms in the biosphere. Owing to their capacity to specifically infect bacterial hosts, they have recently been used as novel tools in water pollution control. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the roles of phages in monitoring pathogens, tracking pollution sources, treating pathogenic bacteria, infecting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, and controlling bulking sludge and biofilm pollution in wastewater treatment systems. We also discuss the limitations of phage usage in water pollution control, including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer, the evolution of bacterial resistance, and phage concentration decrease. This review provides an integrated outlook on the use of phages in water pollution control.