城市地震灾害预测的基本内容和减灾决策过程

本文研究了下列四个问题：（１）对我国现有建筑进行了易损性分类，并定义了一个区分易损性类别的定量指标；（２）按目前现有建筑建立了各类易损性结构的震害矩阵和它们与未来若干年后的震害矩阵的关系；（３）分析并了种类易损性结构的地震损失率；（４）提出了一个人员死亡的估计方法和确定减灾方案的决策方法。     

RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure. The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.     

Morphological and Physiological Damage by Surfactant-Polluted Seaspray on Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis

This paper reports morphological and physiological damage caused by polluted seaspray to coastal pine forests in Liguria (Northern Italy) and suggests the most reliable parameters for surfactant-pollution biomonitoring. Concentrations of surfactants in surface seawater, seaspray, and that deposited on Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea needles were determined in samples from five sites. Decline of the pines in the Western part of Liguria was greater than in the East, and was associated with higher surfactant levels deposited on the crowns. Chloride content of needles was higher in damaged pines, even if it did not reach toxic levels. Stomata micromorphologies did not differ between species in the crown parts facing the sea, while differences were significant in the back crown parts that were not directly exposed to polluted sea breezes. Water content and noon water potential indicated interference in water relations of damaged trees. In conclusion, none of the investigated parameters was by itself a comprehensive index of surfactant damage. A simultaneous survey of several parameters is suggested to investigate the impact of surfactants on coastal vegetation. The most useful parameters were: directionality of crown damage, surfactant depositions on the needles, chloride accumulation in the needles, structural injury to epistomatal chambers, needle water content and potential.     

晋普山煤矿通风系统阻力测定与分析

矿井通风系统阻力测定是煤矿通风技术管理的重要内容,阻力的大小直接影响矿井的通风效果,笔者介绍了矿井通风阻力测定常用的几种方法,分别评述了其优缺点及适用条件,并根据晋普山煤矿通风系统实际情况,选用基点法对其通风阻力进行了测定,全面、准确地掌握了全矿井通风阻力分布情况,为今后进行通风系统调整,提供了有参考价值的基础数据资料。同时依据测定结果,对晋普山煤矿通风系统进行了合理分析。     

扁平形金属丝带纤维栅除尘的实验研究

本实验研究了湿式振动纤维栅的一种新型过滤材质——扁平形金属丝带。根据影响除尘性能的因素，分别研究了风速和过滤片数对金属丝带纤维栅的除尘效率和过滤阻力的影响，并从理论上解释了金属丝带纤维栅的过滤阻力增加的原因，提出了一种新型结构的金属丝带纤维栅。矩形金属纤维栅实验结果说明：在一定风速下，随着过滤片数的增加，除尘效率增加。当风速为3．3m／s，过滤片为6片时，全粉尘的除尘效率达99％；呼吸性粉尘的分级效率大于94％，达到了与化学纤维栅相同的水平。过滤阻力随着速度和过滤片数的增加近似呈线性增加。当湿式振动矩形金属纤维栅为6片，风速为3．3m／s时，纤维栅在当量直径为0．074mm和0．109mm时的最大过滤阻力分别为488Pa和500Pa。     

石化设备抗震抗风动力性能分析和安全性鉴定

石油化工设备类型繁多，形体复杂，其中包括现行抗震鉴定规范中有相关规定的常规设备，也包括一些在抗震鉴定规范中尚无规定的特殊设备。文章以独山子炼油厂的石化设备为例，简要介绍了它们的抗震分析方法和鉴定结果，对其中的高耸结构还进行了抗风分析。     

关于环形风道比摩阻两种计算方法

就通风空调工程中具有特殊应用的环形风道的摩擦阻力计算问题进行了分析，根据流体力学原理，提出了采用流量当量直径法和直接利用圆形风道计算图风道的比摩阻2种方法，第2种计算方法与流量当量直径法比较，查表时更直接。     

应急供水的启示——日本神户市应急供水系统简介

以日本神户市的水道耐震化项目考察为基础,对该市应急供水系统的建设方法进行梳理,归纳了系统建设目标、系统方案、应急水源储备、应急水源输送和应急供水管道抗震等重要环节的建设思路和技术方法,对我国城市应急供水系统建设以及解决灾后供水有一定的借鉴作用。     

木结构防火设计方法简介

木材是唯一可再生的主要工业材料,对环境最为友好,是人类历史中的一种重要的建筑材料;但作为一种生物材料,木材具有易燃性,要确保木结构安全,就得充分重视木结构的防火设计。我国传统建筑主要是木结构建筑,其防火问题在我国很早就引起了重视,首先回顾了传统的防火设计方法;然后介绍了1h火灾防护方法,并详细分析了国内外不同木结构体系防火的设计、研究和思路等;其次简要介绍了木材的化学阻燃方法;最后总结木结构各种防火设计方法,提出存在的问题和未来研究的方向。     

基于空间数据的土地抗震适宜性综合评价模型研究

对城市系统进行抗震减灾的前提,应为识别土地这一特殊的承灾体(同时又为整个城市系统的共同承载体)所潜在的地震灾害的风险,即为以地震危险性为输入,结合土地的基本属性,进行土地抗震适宜性评价。在界定土地抗震适宜性评价的定义、作用、以及范畴的基础上,研究基于空间数据的土地抗震适宜性综合评价模型。该模型综合考虑了地震危险性、液化态势、土地等效剪切波速和地面稳定性因素。