高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为揭示高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征,分析了抗生素抗性基因在菜地、果园和耕地土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,所有土壤样品中共检出70种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动基因元件,其中β-内酰胺类cphA-01抗性基因是农用地土壤中相对丰度最高的耐药基因.在菜地和果园土壤中,主要的抗性基因亚型为cphA-01和cmx（A）,而耕地土壤以mexF和aacC基因为主.土壤中抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度和多样性均表现为：耕地<菜地<果园,这与不同农用地土壤的养分条件差异有关.类似地,土壤中可移动基因元件的相对丰度和多样性均以耕地土壤为最低,而其最高值分别出现在菜地和果园样品中.高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中可移动基因元件与抗生素抗性基因丰度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明基因水平迁移可能促进抗生素抗性基因在高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中扩散.     

生活垃圾渗滤液处理过程中抗生素抗性基因的变化特征

抗生素抗性基因被认为是一种环境污染物,城市生活垃圾填埋场及其渗滤液中存在着多种类和高丰度的抗生素抗性基因.针对生活垃圾渗滤液处理工艺流程特点,本研究采用超高通量定量PCR技术,分析生活垃圾渗滤液处理过程中抗生素抗性基因的变化特征.结果表明,渗滤液处理使得出水抗生素抗性基因丰度减至9. 2×1010copies·L-1,降低了5个数量级,能有效消减渗滤液中的抗生素抗性基因,是一种有效消减垃圾渗滤液抗生素抗性基因丰度的方法;渗滤液出水中的抗生素抗性基因140种,检出率高达46. 7%,相较于自然环境,出水中抗生素抗性基因种类和丰度仍然维持在较高水平,直接排入市政污水管网可能造成抗生素抗性基因的二次扩散,存在着较高的生态环境风险;渗滤液中抗生素抗性基因与Cr、Cd、Ni、As、MGEs、integron和transposon呈现极显著的正相关关系,表明抗生素抗性基因的赋存和迁移传播可能受重金属元素和可移动遗传元件的共同影响.     

耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的应用前景

详细综述了南沙岛礁环境下装备的腐蚀特点以及耐蚀高熵合金的研究进展,着重分析了合金化元素及热处理工艺对耐蚀高熵合金腐蚀性能的影响规律.最终,归纳了耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的潜在应用领域,为全面提升我国关键装备在南沙岛礁环境中的服役能力提供了理论指导.     

船舶海水管路直流杂散电流仿真研究

目的 针对某型船海水管路杂散电流腐蚀穿孔问题,研究海水管路直流杂散电流密度与直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻关系,评估海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀风险,提出直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻要求,为船舶海水管路杂散电流控制提供技术支撑.方法 根据欧姆定律和腐蚀电化学原理,建立船体与海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀仿真方法,模拟海水管路直管、弯管以及某船海水管路系统结构,以B10铜镍合金极化曲线为边界条件,开展管壁直流杂散电流密度仿真研究,并根据法拉第定律计算直流杂散电流腐蚀速率.结果 直流电气设备接地产生的直流杂散电流大部分流入船体,仅有少部分流入海水管路,正常情况下,机壳绝缘电阻大于1 M?,直流电气设备接地不会导致海水管路发生杂散电流腐蚀.结论 为避免直流电气设备接地造成海水管路杂散电流腐蚀,DC380 V和DC220 V电气设备机壳绝缘电阻应分别不小于211?和123?.     

Copper stimulates the incidence of antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and potential pathogens in the gut of black soldier fly larvae

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes. However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of copper (exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts. A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes (MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples. Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs. The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK (increased by 2.8–13.5 times). Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes. Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species. The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance. However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu. These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.     

Combined pollution of arsenic and Polymyxin B enhanced arsenic toxicity and enriched ARG abundance in soil and earthworm gut microbiotas

Polymyxin B (PMB) is considered as the last line of antibiotic defense available to humans. The environmental effects of the combined pollution with PMB and heavy metals and their interaction mechanisms are unclear. We explored the effects of the combined pollution with PMB and arsenic (As) on the microbial composition of the soil and in the earthworm gut, as well as the spread and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results showed that, compared with As alone, the combined addition of PMB and As could significantly increase the bioaccumulation factor and toxicity of As in earthworm tissues by 12.1% and 16.0%, respectively. PMB treatment could significantly increase the abundance of Actinobacteria in the earthworm gut (from 35.6% to 45.2%), and As stress could significantly increase the abundance of Proteobacteria (from 19.8% to 56.9%). PMB and As stress both could significantly increase the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which were positively correlated, indicating that ARGs might be horizontally transferred. The inactivation of antibiotics was the main resistance mechanism that microbes use to resist PMB and As stress. Network analysis showed that PMB and As might have antagonistic effects through competition with multi-drug resistant ARGs. The combined pollution by PMB and As significantly promoted the relative abundance of microbes carrying multi-drug resistant ARGs and MGEs, thereby increasing the risk of transmission of ARGs. This research advances the understanding of the interaction mechanism between antibiotics and heavy metals and provides new theoretical guidance for the environmental risk assessment and combined pollution management.     

磷钼酸铵-聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备及其对水中Cs+的吸附性能研究

利用磷钼酸铵、聚乙烯醇和正硅酸四乙酯合成一种新型复合材料（AMP-PVA）,运用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和热重分析仪（TG-DSC）等对AMP-PVA进行结构和形貌表征.同时,探究了不同初始浓度、pH、时间等因素对AMP-PVA特异性吸附Cs⁺性能的影响,并结合等温吸附曲线、吸附动力学等对AMP-PVA的吸附机制进行探讨.结果表明,AMP-PVA可在pH=2~11范围内使用,耐酸性能良好,且在35 ℃、pH=7.7、初始Cs⁺浓度为200 mg·L^-1的条件下达到最大吸附量109.56 mg·g^-1;吸附过程以自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,并伴随着内扩散和Boyd模型的特征;AMP-PVA主要作用机制为Cs⁺与AMP中的NH₄⁺发生离子交换.     

蚯蚓摄食污泥对其肠道功能区微生物种群及耐药基因的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为实验蚓种, 研究蚯蚓消化污泥前后, 其肠道各功能区微生物种群结构及耐药基因(ARGs)丰度的变化情况.为表征活体功能性微生物, 所取新鲜样品均采用叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)预处理后, 再进行DNA相关分析.结果表明: 蚯蚓消化污泥5d后, 细菌16S rDNA和真核生物18S rDNA的丰度在其胃中分别显著增加了28.2倍和42.2倍(P<0.05), 而在砂囊和后肠中均显著性降低(P<0.05).此外, 蚯蚓消化污泥使其砂囊中的优势菌门由变形菌门变为软壁菌门, 胃中的优势菌门由拟杆菌门变为厚壁菌门, 而对后肠微生物种群结构的影响较小.对于ARGs而言, 大环内酯类耐药基因ermF、四环素类耐药基因tetX和磺胺类耐药基因sul2在蚯蚓胃中的丰度分别显著升高了1.9×10²倍、8.4×10⁵倍和25.9倍(P<0.05), 而在其砂囊和后肠中ARGs总丰度分别显著下降了11.0倍和45.2倍(P<0.05).基于网络分析结果显示, 蚯蚓摄食污泥可影响其肠道内ARGs宿主细菌的结构多样性.     

氯/氯胺和紫外顺序消毒对管网抗性基因的去除

为探究供水系统中氯/氯胺与低压紫外顺序消毒对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)分布特征的影响,采用生物膜反应器模拟供水管网,对管网出水和生物膜进行60mJ/cm²低压紫外线(254nm)消毒,并利用高通量定量PCR技术检测模拟管网进、出水及生物膜内的典型ARGs和遗传原件(MGEs).结果表明,管网反应器运行150d,氯和氯胺管网出水ARGs总相对丰度分别为0.13和0.137,生物膜ARGs分别为2.45和0.277,表明供水管网中低剂量的氯或氯胺可有效降低水相和生物膜相中ARGs的相对丰度达90%,且氯胺消毒对生物膜中的ARGs控制作用更显著.氯和氯胺消毒后管网出水再经低压紫外线照射后,ARGs相对丰度分别为0.0682和0.0537,管网生物膜中ARGs的相对丰度分别为2.01和0.194.ARGs与MGEs间的相关性发生显著变化,转座子与strB和mepA的相关性增强,与ermX和tetM相关性减弱,而整合子与acrF、cmlA1-01、oprJ及tolC-01的相关性增强.研究表明,将紫外线消毒工艺设置在用水终端可以显著降低氯和氯胺管网水中ARGs丰度,但对管网生物膜中的ARGs影响较小.     

新型高强不锈钢在海水中的腐蚀行为研究

目的 确定新型高强不锈钢在海水环境中的耐蚀性能和腐蚀机理。方法 通过海水浸泡试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗测试考察新型高强不锈钢在海水环境中的腐蚀性能,并结合金相显微镜观察、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS),分析该不锈钢的组织结构和钝化膜组成。结果 新型高强不锈钢在海水中的自腐蚀电位稳定在0.012~0.020 V,点蚀电位为1.10 V,保护电位为0.89 V。海水中浸泡45 d后,电化学阻抗值仍然保持在10⁶ Ω.cm²数量级。这说明钝化膜表面并未出现点蚀的形核,钝化膜仍具有较好的保护性。该不锈钢具有典型的孪晶奥氏体结构,形成的钝化膜表层主要成分为FeOOH、Cr(OH)3等氢氧化物,内层成分主要为Fe3O4、Cr2O3、CrO3、单质Ni,具有较强的钝化膜修复能力。结论 该不锈钢在海水中具有良好的耐蚀性。