我国原铝冶炼行业温室气体排放模型

我国原铝冶炼行业产业集中度较低,生产水平参差不齐,随着国内原铝产量不断增加,原铝行业碳排放及其计算方法备受关注. 针对我国原铝冶炼过程原料类型、能源结构复杂的特点,对国内外已有碳排放核算框架进行细化,从物料、工序、工艺3个层面构建了复杂的原铝冶炼系统温室气体排放计算模型. 在广泛文献调研的基础上,选取典型原铝冶炼企业开展现场调研及专家咨询,进而形成模型的基础数据库. 利用上述模型对我国2011年原铝冶炼过程碳排放进行核算. 结果表明:综合考虑氧化铝生产工艺结构、电解铝行业分布区域的电网能源结构,我国原铝冶炼系统CO₂排放因子(以铝锭计)为14.70t/t. 电解铝生产过程电耗相关排放占70%,南方电网区域电解铝生产电耗相关CO₂排放分别比华中、华北地区低13%、30%. 原铝冶炼行业可通过优先选用碳排放因子较低的物料、淘汰落后氧化铝工艺、开发引进低温低电压工艺技术等手段,进一步实现物料、工序及工艺的多层次温室气体减排.      

锅炉废气流化床污泥干化塔的热力计算与分析

利用锅炉尾部废烟气(120～190℃)干化市政污泥,降低污泥含水率可达到后继合理利用。从三方面对污泥干化进行了分析:1)干燥后污泥含水率与污泥处理量关系;2)入口烟温、流量与污泥处理量关系;3)干燥后烟气相对湿度影响因素分析。结果表明:提高入口烟温、流量,污泥出口含水率都可以提高污泥处理量,高入口烟温、流量下,污泥处理量受含水率的影响更大;污泥出口含水率高时,入口烟温提高使污泥处理量提高增大显著;入口烟气流量愈高,入口烟温提高对污泥处理量的增加愈大。干燥后烟气相对湿度与入口烟温有关,干燥之后的烟气的相对湿度离饱和状态较远,此温度范围内的出口烟气湿度还有较大的余量。     

水资源转移利用的利益补偿测算：模型构建与应用

水资源转移利用的利益补偿不仅关系到水资源重新配置的效率和效益的实现,同样还关系到不同用水主体之间利益的公平共享和资源的可持续利用。为科学合理地测算不同用水主体之间水资源转移利用的利益补偿额度,构建了水资源转移利用利益补偿测算模型。该模型综合考虑了合作贡献、资源投入、用水效率、风险承担和社会公正等因素对收益分配的影响,并运用粗糙层次分析法（RAHP）来确定各种指标的权重,然后在此基础上对用水收益分配和利益补偿进行测算。最后,通过诸暨陈石灌区用水转移的实例应用验证了该模型的可行性和科学有效性。同时实例研究表明实践中的农业用水主体没有充分分享到因水资源转移利用而产生的增加收益,亟待提高农业节水主体应得的利益补偿额,保障农民利益。     

小型生活垃圾填埋场设计洪水计算方法的选择

以甘肃省静宁县威戎镇生活垃圾填埋场为例,对目前在计算小型生活垃圾填埋场洪峰流量时通常采用的几种方法进行了比较及合理性分析。研究认为,对于上游汇水面积为特小流域的小型生活垃圾填埋场,设计洪水的防洪标准应按照50年一遇设计、100年一遇校核,按照有、无降雨资料推荐了合理的计算公式,为小型生活垃圾填埋场设计洪水计算方法的确定提供了参考。     

沉降土体对管道跨越结构应力影响的分析

为了更好地保障长输管道的安全稳定运行,针对长输管道当中的跨越结构进行了应力分析与计算。基于管道跨越结构其结构的特殊性,极容易受到断层、土体塌陷等地质灾害的影响。因此建立了跨越段埋地管道与土壤相互作用的有限元力学模型,分析了30°、40°、50°、60°跨越结构和不同范围土体发生沉降时,管道的应力变化情况。结果显示,当跨越结构中斜管段的角度确定后,便可计算出相应的安全沉降长度;当斜管段角度为50°时,沉降长度控制在13.6m以内,可保证跨越结构不发生塑性变形。通过研究为管道跨越段的安全设计提供了理论依据,该方法可应用在类似的管道跨越结构的应力设计当中。     

基于Phase2的不同配比充填体厚度的数值模拟研究

在充填体作用机理,稳定性分析与监测,爆破地震效应,静动态特性及损伤理论等方面的研究基础上,依托安庆铜矿高阶段大直径深孔采矿法第一步骤采场的充填现状,采用Phase2软件建立了多种数值分析模型对不同灰砂比充填体厚度的充填效果进行数值模拟研究,并进行了多方案技术经济对比分析。研究结果表明:灰砂比为1∶4,1∶8,1∶10对应充填体厚度分别为10,24,22 m时,为最优方案。该充填体厚度可为矿山采场充填配比设计、充填管理及充填质量提供技术参考。     

考虑峰后软化的圆形巷道稳定性分析及工程应用

为获得更准确的巷道围岩应力分布和变形特征,基于统一强度理论,考虑围岩塑性软化和中间主应力的影响,引入塑性软化参数,推导出巷道围岩弹塑性区应力、塑性区范围和位移的表达式。通过算例分析,得到塑性软化系数和中间主应力等相关参数对巷道围岩应力分布、塑性区半径和位移的影响规律。研究结果表明:随内摩擦角软化系数和黏聚力软化系数的增大,围岩塑性区半径和位移呈现先急剧后缓慢的减小趋势;中间主应力系数对巷道围岩弹塑性应力有着显著影响,中间主应力系数越大,围岩塑性区半径和位移越小。     

Isometric Pull and Push Strengths of Paraplegics in the Workspace: 2. Statistical Analysis of Spatial Factors

The effect of reach levels, horizontal angles, and vertical angles on isometric pull and push strengths of male and female was determined. Highly significant increases in men’s push strength were found between extreme to maximum reaches, and from extreme to normal reaches. However, for women’s push strength, a significant increase was found only between extreme to maximum reach. Significant or highly significant increases were found in men’s and women’s pull strength between the horizontal angle (θ) sagittal through the active shoulder (90°) and other angles (0, 45, and 135°). However, for men’s push strength, highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angle 45° from the frontal plane, and other angles. For women’s push strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angles 0° and angles of 90 and 135°. For men’s and women’s pull strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the vertical angle (?), 90°, and other angles (–20, 0, and 45°). Similar increases were found for women’s push strength between the 45° angle and other angles. In the design of a workstation for paraplegics that requires pull and push forces, consideration must be given to the spatial factors.     

Performance on a Work-Simulating Firefighter Test Versus Approved Laboratory Tests for Firefighters and Applicants

Aim. Firefighters must meet minimum physical demands. The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (NLIA) has approved a standardised treadmill walking test and 3 simple strength tests for smoke divers. The results of the Trondheim test were compared with those of the NLIA tests taking into account possible effects of age, experience level and gender. Methods. Four groups of participants took part in the tests: 19 young experienced firefighters, 24 senior male firefighters and inexperienced applicants, 12 male and 8 female. Results. Oxygen uptake (V_O2) at exhaustion rose linearly by the duration of the treadmill test. Time spent on the Trondheim test was closely related to performance time and peak V_O2 on the treadmill test. Senior experienced firefighters did not perform better than equally fit young applicants. However, female applicants performed poorer on the Trondheim test than on the treadmill test. Performance on the Trondheim test was not closely related to muscle strength beyond a minimum. Conclusion. Firefighters completing the Trondheim test in under 19 min fit the requirements of the NLIA treadmill test. The Trondheim test can be used as an alternative to the NLIA tests for testing aerobic fitness but not for muscular strength. Women’s result of the Trondheim test were poorer than the results of the NLIA treadmill test, probably because of their lower body mass.     

Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference

The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.