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951.
水资源安全基本概念与研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
关于水安全与水资源安全,目前仍没有明确的界定与相对明确公认的概念。针对该问题,对国内外关于水安全与水资源安全概念的界定做了回顾与评述。讨论了水资源安全的主体,提出水资源安全的主体是人,水资源安全基础是健康的水循环,水循环包括自然水循环与社会经济系统水循环。基于以上认识,阐述了广义的和狭义的水资源安全的内涵,强调水资源系统是一个开放的、动态的系统,涉及自然和社会经济复合系统中的诸多子系统,人类必须与水资源系统和谐共处,合理分享水资源,水循环系统才会健康运行。指出水资源安全的目标是保证人类的生存与发展而不因水资源的问题而受到威胁。 相似文献
952.
对一个给定的半刚性护栏的设计结构进行抗冲击能力评价,同时对车辆质心与护栏悬挂点之间的距离参数进行优化.采用Abaqus 6.5软件对弹塑性大变形动力学接触问题进行有限元数值计算,给出了不同质心高度和不同质量车辆与护栏系统碰撞时车辆的最大外向位移,比较了车辆质心不同高度对应的冲击载荷下护栏系统吸收能量的特性.同时计算和讨论了车辆与地面的摩擦系数对护栏系统行为的影响.数值计算结果表明,给定的护栏系统设计能够有效拦阻和引导质量为1 500 kg、时速80 km/h的失控汽车; 在拦阻质量为10 000 kg、40 km/h时速的失控车辆时也比较成功,但不能使之回到正常行驶路线上.车身质心与护栏悬挂点相对距离为0.6 m时,护栏系统能在与车体碰撞时发挥最佳吸能效果. 相似文献
953.
Numerical simulation of cation exchange and mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions using the multiphase reactive geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT has provided important insight into the distribution of (90)Sr among layers of geologic strata in a complex vadose zone at the U. S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory. During a transfer operation in November 1972, 70.4 m(3) of acidic, high ionic strength liquid containing 15,900 Ci of (90)Sr was released over five days into alluvial gravels 137 m above the Snake River Plain Aquifer. Sampling data from perched water zones 33 m below the release contain very high levels of (90)Sr as do soil samples obtained nearer the point of release. Use of traditional simulation approaches using laboratory-measured constant partitioning coefficients (K(d)) cannot simultaneously explain perched water and soil concentrations. To address the discrepancy, a reactive transport approach was adopted to include competitive cation exchange, dissolution/precipitation of calcite, carbon dioxide gas production and transport, and gibbsite precipitation. Simulation results using this model suggest that some of the (90)Sr could have been transported very rapidly immediately after the release with the acceleration facilitated by competition for cation exchange sites with high sodium concentrations in the released liquid and calcium dissolved from calcite, and to a lesser extent by formation of aqueous complexes with nitrate. Once the leading edge of the liquid assemblage was flushed from the alluvium, the mobility of the remaining (90)Sr decreased significantly in the absence of the competing cations. Calculations indicate that there should be a net increase in calcite, suggesting that (90)Sr could be entrained in the mineral lattice, but insufficient field data exist for confirmation. Sensitivity studies show that the cation exchange selectivity coefficients were the most sensitive individual parameters determining the (90)Sr distribution. However, the most sensitive overall quantity was the total ion exchange capacity which is a function of the moles of exchange sites per volume of pore water, the cation exchange capacity, and the total volume wetted by the infiltrating solution. In contrast, the future mobility of (90)Sr was found to be relatively insensitive to the normal range in the composition of influxing precipitation and anthropogenic waters. 相似文献
954.
Yang H Xing Y Xie P Ni L Rong K 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(3):559-568
Although studies on carbon burial in lake sediments have shown that lakes are disproportionately important carbon sinks, many studies on gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface have demonstrated that lakes are supersaturated with CO(2) and CH(4) causing a net release of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere. In order to more accurately estimate the net carbon source/sink function of lake ecosystems, a more comprehensive carbon budget is needed, especially for gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface. Using two methods, overall mass balance and gas exchange and carbon burial balance, we assessed the carbon source/sink function of Lake Donghu, a subtropical, eutrophic lake, from April 2003 to March 2004. With the overall mass balance calculations, total carbon input was 14 905 t, total carbon output was 4950 t, and net carbon budget was +9955 t, suggesting that Lake Donghu was a great carbon sink. For the gas exchange and carbon burial balance, gaseous carbon (CO(2) and CH(4)) emission across the water-air interface totaled 752 t while carbon burial in the lake sediment was 9477 t. The ratio of carbon emission into the atmosphere to carbon burial into the sediment was only 0.08. This low ratio indicates that Lake Donghu is a great carbon sink. Results showed good agreement between the two methods with both showing Lake Donghu to be a great carbon sink. This results from the high primary production of Lake Donghu, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activity. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for about 15% of the total carbon output, indicating that the total output would be underestimated without including gaseous carbon exchange. 相似文献
955.
956.
流动注射在线离子交换微柱富集-火焰原子吸收法测定环境样品中的铜、铅和镉 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本文用流动注射在线阳离子交换树脂预富集-火焰原子吸收法测定了标准参考物(头发GBW09 101和桃叶GBW08501)及水样中的微量铜、铅和镉.对铜、铅和镉测定灵敏度分别提高27.0 ,37.5和27.5倍;回收率分别为93.7-109.9%,88.9-101.4%,84.7-103.0% ;分析速度为30次·h-1.对0.05μg·ml-1Cu2+,0.2μg·ml-1 Pb2+,0.02μg·ml-1Cd2+溶液,其测定相对标准偏差(n =11)分别为2.74%,1.05%和2.97%. 相似文献
957.
958.
Nahid Akhtar Hidetoshi Inada Taisuke Kondo Ryo Funada 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(9):2970-2976
To assess the effects of tropospheric O3 on rice cultivated in Bangladesh, four Bangladeshi cultivars (BR11, BR14, BR28 and BR29) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O3 at 60 and 100 nl l−1 (10:00-17:00) from 1 July to 28 November 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the four cultivars were significantly reduced by the exposure to O3. The exposure to O3 significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate of the 12th and flag leaves of the four cultivars. The sensitivity to O3 of growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates was not significantly different among the four cultivars. The present study suggests that the sensitivity to O3 of yield of the four Bangladeshi rice cultivars is greater than that of American rice cultivars and is similar to that of Japanese rice cultivars and that O3 may detrimentally affect rice production in Bangladesh. 相似文献
959.
在政治经济学背景下,由于政府力量和市场力量相互交融,城市形态演化遵循一定的周期性演变规律。基于1909~2008年间昆明市历史阶段的形态演化资料,运用参与式照片、R指数及高密度填充指数与低密度扩张指数分析了昆明市城市形态演化的周期性规律。结果表明,从理性的微观过程或个体行为及宏观过程或城市实践来看,城市形态演化包含了最低成本周期扩张模型,即低密度的扩张与高密度的填充;低密度的扩张由政府主导的基础设施建设投资所引导,而高密度的回填运动由集体与理性的个体企业所引发,故城市形态的宏观演化,是它本身的内在法则与外部机制的统一体。这一结果有助于解释更多有关土地使用及土地管理的信息,将帮助我们进行规划未来的城市发展。 相似文献
960.
基于湿法再生吸附技术,利用强碱性季铵盐树脂材料制备了异相吸附剂薄膜,应用于大气中极低CO2的直接分离,以对抗全球变暖。通过滴定法分析吸附剂材料的电荷密度和吸附容量,利用SEM分析不同工况下制备出来的膜材料的表观结构,并对膜材料进行CO2吸附性能的测试。结果发现,热处理能够明显提高膜材料的吸附性能,还研究吸附剂制备对吸附速率,吸附量和机械强度等性能的影响,发现粒径小于43μm的树脂粉末,按60%质量分数制成的500μm厚膜材料具有较优的综合性能。 相似文献