Development and application of a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) for the investigation of the kinetics of mercury emissions from soils

Recent measurements at different locations suggest that the emission of mercury from soils may play a more pronounced role in the global mercury cycle as suggested by global emission inventories and global mercury cycling models. For up scaling and modelling of mercury emissions from soils a comprehensive assessment of the processes controlling the emission of mercury from soils is imperative. We have developed a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) to study the effect of major environmental variables on the emission of mercury under controlled conditions. We have investigated the effects of turbulent mixing, soil temperature and solar radiation on the emission of mercury from soils. The emission of mercury from soils is constant over time under constant experimental conditions. The response of the mercury emission flux to variations of the atmospheric transfer parameters such as turbulence requires a rapid adjustment of the equilibrium that controls the Hg(o) concentration in the soil air. It has been shown that the light-induced flux is independent of the soil temperature and shows a strong spectral response to UV-B.     

膜型树脂在土壤养分测试中的应用进展

回顾了离子交换树脂在土壤养分测试中的应用及其发展变迁的3个阶段;综述了国内外离子交换树脂膜（膜型树脂）的研究进展;同时对该技术未来应用的前景及其进一步发展存在的问题进行了讨论。     

水中微量甲基膦酸类化合物的树脂富集与GC／MS分析

本文使用三种阴离子交换树脂（即大孔弱碱型Ｄ－３０１－Ｒ,强碱型Ｄ－２９６,２０１Ｘ７）柱对水中微量甲基膦酸类化合物的富集方法进行了研究。含磷毒剂降解产物的水样用气相色谱／质谱法进行定性定量分析。结果表明,Ｄ－３０１－Ｒ阴离子交换树脂柱对甲基膦酸的富集回收率高于６０％。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic

The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to −492 and −1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.     

Capturing the lost phosphorus

Minable phosphorus (P) reserves are being depleted and will need to be replaced by recovering P that currently is lost from the agricultural system, causing water-quality problems. The largest two flows of lost P are in agricultural runoff and erosion (∼46% of mined P globally) and animal wastes (∼40%). These flows are quite distinct. Runoff has a very high volumetric flow rate, but a low P concentration; animal wastes have low flow rates, but a high P concentration together with a high concentration of organic material. Recovering the lost P in animal wastes is technically and economically more tractable, and it is the focus for this review of promising P-capture technologies. P capture requires that organic P be transformed into inorganic P (phosphate). For high-strength animal wastes, P release can be accomplished in tandem with anaerobic treatment that converts the energy value in the organic matter to CH₄, H₂, or electricity. Once present as phosphate, the P can be captured in a reusable form by four approaches. Most well developed is precipitation as magnesium or calcium solids. Less developed, but promising are adsorption to iron-based adsorbents, ion exchange to phosphate-selective solids, and uptake by photosynthetic microorganisms or P-selective proteins.     

In situ measurements of concentrations of Cd, Co, Fe and Mn in estuarine porewater using DGT

Vertical profiles of metals were measured by the in situ application of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films). Well-defined laboratory systems ensured the good reproducibility and precision DGT accumulated metals on a chelex resin after diffusional transport through a layer of hydrogel. Three kinds of DGT probes (with three thicknesses of diffusive gel: 0.40 mm, 0.80 mm and 1.92 mm) measured interfacial concentration and induced flux from solid to solution phase which had intricate variations with depth. The DGT induced flux and interfacial concentration of four metals belonged to “partially sustained” state, indicating a labile equilibrium of metals between solid phase and porewater. The concentration profiles showed the good correlation between Mn and Co and peak concentrations of Mn and Fe between −2.00 cm and −5.25 cm with depth.     

CL-5209微色谱柱分离富集光度法测定环境样品中微量铀

研究了ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯微色谱柱柱性能以及对铀和主要伴生元素的分离富集情况。结果表明,在１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硝酸介质中,除铀（Ⅵ）、钍（Ⅳ）、金（Ⅲ）和少量稀土元素能被ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯吸附外,其它常见共存元素不被吸附。用５ｍｌ１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＮＯ３可以安全淋洗除去钍和少量稀土,再用１４ｍｌ混合掩蔽剂可以完全解析铀,结合以在溴代十六烷基吡啶存在下５Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ显色,能快速准确地测定环境样品中ｐｐｂ级铀     

Sorption of dissolved lead from shooting range soils using hydroxyapatite amendments synthesized from industrial byproducts as affected by varying pH conditions

For immobilization technologies to be successful, the use of readily available and cost advantageous amendment is important when the remediation targets vast amounts of contaminated soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the byproduct-synthesized hydroxyapatite can be used as an immobilizing amendment for dissolved Pb from a shooting range soil, and to model the kinetic data collected from dissolution experiments. A soil–solution kinetic experiment was conducted under fixed pH conditions as a function of time. A Pb-contaminated soil was reacted with various hydroxyapatite amendments to determine the dissolution rate and mineral products of soil Pb. Three types of amendments used were pure hydroxyapatite (HA), and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatites synthesized from gypsum waste (CHA), and synthesized from incinerated poultry litter (PHA). The dissolved Pb concentration decreased with the addition of amendments at pH 3–7. Both CHA and PHA were more effective than HA for attenuating Pb dissolution at pH 6 and above. According to the thermodynamic calculation at pH 6, the dissolved Pb concentration for CHA and PHA treatments was predicted to be 66% and 50% lower than that of HA treatment, respectively. A better Pb immobilization effect demonstrated by CHA and PHA resulted in their greater solubility at higher pH, which may promote the formation of chloropyromorphite precipitates. Dissolution kinetics of soil Pb was adequately explained by pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations in acid pH ranges. According to the ion exchange model, an adequate agreement between the experimental data and regression curves was shown in the initial 40 min of the reaction process, but the accuracy of model predictability decreased thereafter. According to kinetic models and dissolution phenomena, CHA and PHA amendments had better Pb sorption capacity with rapid kinetics than pure hydroxyapatite at weak acid to neutral pH.     

吸附树脂组合工艺对微污染水的净化处理效果研究

利用江苏省盐城市串场河水作为源水,在常规处理工艺对源水进行前处理的基础上,结合树脂吸附处理工艺探讨了新型吸附树脂对水源水的处理效果和树脂吸附剂的再生效果.结果表明,新型吸附树脂按照ZH-02、ZH-03和ZH-00的顺序进行组合,对经沉淀砂滤预处理后的饮用水源水中微污染有机化合物具有较好的去除效果,处理2 000 BV后需对树脂进行再生,用2～2.5 BV的醇碱在常温下脱附,元素分析结果表明脱附效果较好,对水源水进行深度处理的原料成本大约为3.9元/t.