集约化养猪废水SBR中17β-雌二醇高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从集约化养猪废水生物处理SBR的活性污泥中分离到3株高效降解17β-雌二醇(E2)的菌株,分别命名为ha、chs和hc。研究表明,这3株菌以E2为惟一碳源,在4 d内对初始浓度为1 mg/L E2的降解率为70%～95%。25℃条件下菌ha、chs和hc的一级反应动力学常数分别为0.0086、0.072和0.013。在温度为37℃时,3株菌的降解效率最高,在高浓度的氨氮和碱性pH的条件下,这3株菌均存在降解作用。其中,pH 9.05时,一级动力学常数菌ha降至0.0066,菌chs升至0.076,菌hc降至0.012。同时,在添加C源后,对降解有促进作用,并且C/N比在15∶1时降解效果较好。3株菌的一级反应动力学常数分别升到0.027、0.73和0.021。经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为枯草芽孢肝菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

洞庭湖区畜禽排泄物的环境效应

洞庭湖湿地是长江中游重要的生态功能区,其生态功能的退化制约了湖区经济的可持续发展。近些年来,随着湖区集约化畜牧业的迅速发展,畜禽粪尿等排泄物对湖区生态环境构成了严重威胁。从畜禽养殖量、粪尿等污染物的年排泄量、粪便猪粪当量及负荷量、土地畜禽粪便负荷承受程度4个方面估算并分析了洞庭湖各县（市区）畜禽养殖业的环境威胁性。结果表明:2007年洞庭湖区各类畜禽粪尿排泄总量为3 17279万t,相当于猪粪当量2 92113万t。全年畜禽粪尿流失总量达1 11048万t。畜禽排泄物中年流失化学需氧量50.80万t,氨氮7. 81万t。从畜禽粪便负荷量警报值及分级结果看,畜禽排泄物对岳阳楼区、汩罗市的环境威胁比较严重,对云溪区、临澧县、武陵区、岳阳县、津市市和湘阴县生态环境亦有一定的影响。〖     

Effect of an organic amendment on availability and bio-accessibility of some metals in soils of urban recreational areas

A composted biosolid from wastewater treatment was added to soils of two public parks of Sevilla, and successive samples were taken during one year. In one of the parks, a second addition of biosolid was carried out after the first year. The soil contents in metals (pseudo-total) and their plant-available and oral bio-accessible fractions were significantly altered when the soils were amended with biosolid. Increase of the bio-accessible metal contents represents a deterioration of the environmental quality of recreational areas, where hand-to-mouth transfer of pollutants to children is likely to occur, although part of the metals added might be leached by rainfall or irrigation. The limits established in several countries for metal contents of soils in recreational areas are often exceeded after application of the biosolid. A careful study of the metal contents of recycled wastes is thus recommended before being used for green area maintenance.     

The effects of soil and Trifolium repens (white clover) on the fate of estrogen

In this study, we investigated the behavior of estrogens in the rhizosphere of white clover (Trifolium repens, clover hereafter) with two different pot tests, using soil and agar as growth media. In a pot test using agar spiked with estrogen, the estrogen concentration in the agar with clover decreased to non-detectable levels within one month, while in the agar without clover, 60% of initially added estrogen remained after one month. The half-lives of estrone (E1) and 17β -estradiol (E2) in the agar with clover were 2.4–3.8 and 13.2 d, respectively. The dissipation of E1 followed first-order rate law, while that of E2 fitted a zero-order reaction, indicating that they had different mechanisms of dissipation from agar. In the soil pot test, the behavior of E1 and E2 was not influenced by clover. An initial rapid decrease in the amount of estrogen extracted by methanol/acetic acid was followed by persistence for 1–3 months, regardless of presence of clover. Moreover, in three weeks E1 and E2 were only partly degraded by microbes extracted from the soil used in the pot test. In this study, abiotic degradation of estrogens and sorption of estrogen to soil, rather than the effects of soil microbes and clover, contributed to the initial rapid dissipation of estrogens in the soil. However, the results of the agar pot test suggested that vegetation such as clover may significantly contribute to removal of estrogens when estrogens in aqueous phase are discharged with surface runoff and preferential flow after heavy rain in agricultural fields, or when present in soils with low estrogen sorptivity.     

推流式反应器厌氧消化浮萍和猪粪混合物

使用带隔板的推流式反应器(体积约为4 m3),对浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)的混合物、猪粪进行为期50 d的中温厌氧消化产气性能比较研究,结果表明,在有机负荷为3.5 g(VS)/(L·d)时,浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)混合物的VS产气率为0.31 L/g,COD转化率为63.2％,反应器容积产气率为1.00 m3/(m3·d);猪粪的VS产气率为0.28 L/g,COD转化率为57.1％,反应器容积产气率为0.71m3/(m3·d).进料COD和SS的平均浓度分别为19.19 g/L和14.28 g/L,推流式反应器对其平均去除率分别为59.7％和68.7％.由此说明,带隔板的推流式厌氧反应器对浮萍和猪粪的混合物有较好的厌氧消化能力,浮萍与猪粪混合物的厌氧消化性能优于猪粪.     

Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO₂ generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO₂ inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.     

Developing an anaerobic digester with external Zeolite filled column for enhancing methane production from swine manure – A feasibility study

ABSTRACT

Development of digesters with an external zeolite column facilitates the convenient removal of the zeolite with TAN, without disturbing the continuous anaerobic digestion process. A digester with an inside zeolite bed (In-Zeo) and digester without adding zeolite (No-Zeo) were employed to compare the process performance with digester with external zeolite column (EX-Zeo). The cumulative, CH₄ yields were 5% and 15% greater in the EX-Zeo, and the In-Zeo digesters respectively compared to the No-Zeo digesters. Also, the % VS reduction was 49%, 55% and 41%, respectively in the Ex-Zeo, In-Zeo and No-Zeo digesters. The results indicated that treatment with 7% zeolite during anaerobic digestion has the potential to improve biodegradation of swine manure. The addition of zeolite appeared to reduce TAN from the digestate, thereby enhancing the CH₄ yield. Zeolite could be used either internally or externally to enhance CH₄ production through anaerobic digestion of swine manure.     

Development of an efficient extraction method for oxytetracycline in animal manure for high performance liquid chromatography analysis

Oxytetracycline (2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-5,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione) is a major member of the tetracycline antibiotics family of which are widely administered to animals in concentrated animal feeding operations for purposes of therapeutical treatment and health protection. With the disposal of animal manure as fertilizer into agricultural land, tetracyclines enter the environment. However, tetracyclines chelate with multivalent cations and proteins, resulting in low extraction efficiencies from animal manure for tetracycline residue analysis. In this study an efficient extraction method for oxytetracycline from steer manure using methanol/water solution amended with chelating organic acid was developed for the analysis of high performance liquid chromatography. The effect of species and amount of amendment acids, shaking time, methanol/water ratio, manure weight, and repeated times of extraction was investigated. It was optimized to amend 2.5 g citric acid and 1.1 g oxalic acid with 10.0 g manure sample in a 50-ml centrifuge tube and extract with 15 ml methanol/water (9:1 in volume) by vigorously shaking for 30 min in a reciprocating shaker. After centrifugation at 11,000 rpm, supernatant is collected. Sample was extracted for a total of 3 times. The developed extraction method was further applied to extract oxytetracycline from fresh and aged cow manure, swine and poultry manure, and soil. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from (84.1 ± 2.4) % to (102.0 ± 3.1) % were obtained, demonstrating that the optimized extraction method is robust for oxytetracycline from different manure sample matrixes.     

混合水解对打捆麦秸水解产酸的影响

为研究混合水解对麦秸水解产酸的影响,以猪粪、厨余和蔬菜废物为原料,研究其分别与麦秸混合水解产酸的特性,分析了水解过程中pH值、COD、SCOD和VFAs的变化。结果表明,除麦秸＋蔬菜废物最佳出料时间为3～9d外,麦秸、麦秸＋厨余垃圾、麦秸＋猪粪水解液最佳出料时间均为3～7d,7d后水解液COD浓度下降;将蔬菜废物与麦秸混合水解,水解液pH值降低幅度最大,水解液中总有机酸浓度最高,pH值最低为5．31,有机酸浓度最高达6．46g／L,且水解液中SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比值最大;添加猪粪明显促进了麦秸有机物的水解溶出,麦秸单位干物质水解率和产酸率较对照分别提高了43％～134％和50．53％,但对提高水解液SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比、TVFA浓度、降低水解液pH值的效果不如蔬菜废物;添加厨余垃圾的效果介于猪粪和蔬菜废物之间。从促进麦秸水解产酸的角度,以添加猪粪的效果最好。