生态承载力评价方法研究进展

生态承载力是当前生态学、地理学、经济学等领域的研究热点,生态承载力评价方法的研究对于区域社会经济协调可持续发展具有重要的意义。在详细阐述生态承载力概念、内涵、国内主要研究领域、研究机构的基础上,重点分析比较了目前生态承载力所涉及的研究方法,并比较了不同模型之间的优缺点,最后分析总结了目前生态承载力研究存在的不足和未来需要加强的领域和方向。从方法上来看,目前所用方法主要有:(1)指标体系综合评价法;(2)产品周期综合评价法;(3)结合不同学科和不同方法的综合评价法。目前生态承载力的研究缺乏科学完整的研究体系,尚未构建具有普适性的评价指标体系,演化趋势与模拟预测研究不足,格局分异研究较少,未来应该在以下几个方面深入研究:(1)加强生态承载力模型集成研究。由于生态承载力问题十分复杂,涉及资源、环境、生态、社会、经济等诸多要素,因此需要综合各个要素之间的相互关系及影响机制,进行不同模型集成和综合研究;(2)应从影响生态承载力的主动与被动因子,动态与静态因子出发,构建综合性和普适性较强的评价体系;(3)加强生态承载力的动态模拟研究,实现对生态承载力潜力的估算和动态变化过程的监测;(4)研究不同尺度下生态承载力时空变化特征及空间分异,并对比分析各模型对不同尺度的精度要求和结果的可靠性。     

富硅肥料和水分管理对稻米镉污染阻控效果研究

在已筛选出的施硅方式(基施和叶面喷施相结合)基础上,选择典型单一镉污染稻田土壤(pH=4.97,总Cd 4.1 mg·kg~(-1)),并结合2种稻田水分管理方式,进一步开展不同水肥管理方式对常规早稻(湘早籼45)和杂交晚稻(丰源优299)的3个生育期内各部位中Cd含量及成熟期生物量的影响研究.实验设计4个处理:不施硅肥+常规间歇淹水措施(CK)、不施硅肥+全生育期淹水措施(W)、2种硅肥配施+常规间歇淹水措施(SiLsi)、2种硅肥配施+全生育期淹水措施(SiLsi+W).结果表明,4个处理下,早晚稻试验结果基本一致,但各试验处理对晚稻的阻镉效果更加明显;与CK相比,各处理都能显著降低水稻籽粒中Cd的含量且不会明显影响水稻产量,其中以SiLsi+W对籽粒的降Cd效果最佳(晚稻精米中Cd的含量为0.12 mg·kg~(-1),达到了国家粮食安全生产标准:Cd0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),分别使晚稻谷壳、糙米和精米的降Cd幅度达到93.65%、86.70%和91.18%,W和Si Lsi处理的降Cd效果次之.因此,SiLsi+W可作为一种有效的稻米镉污染控制技术.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by condensed tannin gel adsorbent

Lead has caused serious environmental pollution due to its toxicity, accumulation in food chains and persistence in nature.In this paper, lead removal from aqueous solutions was investigated using condensed tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from a natural tannin compound. It is found that the adsorption is strongly affected by pH values of aqueous solutions.Within pH range of 3.5-6,when initial lead concentration is 100 mg/L, removal efficiency is more than 90%.Adsorption equilibrium is reached within 150 minutes.The adsorption isotherm fits well with the Langmuir equation, by which the saturated adsorption uptake of 190 mg Pb^2 /g dry tannin gel adsorbent is obtained.By means of thermodynamics analysis,it is revealed that the process is exothermic and the adsorption heat is up to 38.4kJ/mol.With respect to high efficiency, moderate pH requirement and minimized second pollution, the tannin gel adsorbent exhibits a promising potential in the removal of lead from wastewater.     

水淬铜渣技术要求标准研究

面对绿色发展的新形势,我国正在大力推进固废的资源化利用工作,提升标准化水平。论述了编制水淬铜渣标准的意义和作用,介绍了标准研制的原则,以及水淬铜渣的技术要求、试验方法、检验规则等,通过标准的研制与实施,将引领并规范水淬铜渣的应用。     

Quality and sustainability in the production process: A study of bakeries using an integrated multi-criteria method based on fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS

The objective of the present study is to evaluate, determine, and apply alternatives for improving the quality of the process and the product, with an emphasis on sustainable practices, using an integrated multi-criteria method. For this purpose, an analysis was conducted at a chain of bakeries, aiming to highlight bottlenecks in the production process and in the product. With the support of a literature review, four criteria and seven alternatives were defined to overcome these bottlenecks and, at the same time, contribute to the sustainability of the organization. For data analysis, six decision makers were interviewed and, following their evaluations, an integrated method based on fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS was created. The fuzzy AHP was adopted to establish the importance of the criteria, while the fuzzy TOPSIS was used to evaluate and classify the alternatives developed to bypass the bottlenecks. The results revealed that of the criteria, Criterion “Cr1 – Quality” was prioritized. On the other hand, the alternative with the best performance was “A3 – Physical Layout Reorganization”. Applying this alternative, the study demonstrates the results achieved such as reduction of errors and accident risks, as well as greater fluidity in the productive space. the present study also makes theoretical and managerial contributions to the field, bringing the theory closer to the reality of companies that operate in the food sector.     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

自制Cu-Bi2WO6的表征及其对苯酚的光催化降解

采用水热反应法制备Cu改性的Bi2WO6催化剂(Cu-Bi2WO6).采用XRD仪和紫外-可见光漫反射吸收光谱仪对自制Cu-Bi2WO6的结构进行了表征.考察了光催化降解工艺对Cu-Bi2WO6在可见光下催化氧化降解苯酚效果的影响.实验结果表明:自制Cu-Bi2WO6的吸收边带出现了明显红移,对可见光的利用率较Bi2WO6强;当水热反应pH为0.6时,Cu-Bi2WO6的光催化性能最好;在空气通入量为250 mL/min、Cu-Bi2WO6加入量为1.0 mg/L的条件下,光照反应210 min后苯酚降解率可达92.0％.     

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯检测方法研究进展

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯(DEHA)是一种广泛使用的增塑剂,而其作为一类生物内分泌干扰素,长期大量使用会对人类和环境造成不良影响。综述了国内外DEHA的检测方法,包括样品前处理技术和检测技术,其中前处理技术主要有索氏提取法、超声提取法、同位素稀释法、顶空萃取法、液液萃取法、固相微萃取法、微波萃取法等,分析技术主要有光谱分析法、气相色谱分析法、液相色谱分析法及其联用分析法等;对不同检测方法的原理、特点及应用进行综述和对比,提出后续研究可从筛选液液萃取的萃取剂类型并联合超声等萃取技术,提高复杂样品体系中DEHA检测能力以及研发便携化、智能化检测仪器等方面开展。     

污泥中重金属的存在形态和处理方法研究

由于污泥中的重金属含量比较高,且大多数未进行无害化处理,只能进行露天堆放,极易造成二次污染,因此污泥中的重金属已成为限制污泥资源化应用的主要因素。文章通过介绍污泥中重金属的污染现状和重金属存在形态的划分,在此基础上对目前常用的四种污泥中重金属的处理方法(化学法、生物淋滤法、动电处理法和植物修复法)进行了综述,并比较了不同方法之间的优点与不足,并提出了新的展望。     

聚乙烯燃气管道的全面检验

由于聚乙烯管道材质的特殊性,其损伤机理和失效模式与钢质管道有很大的不同,寻找一种有效的埋地PE管道检验方法是大家关心的问题。本文通过聚乙烯燃气管道全面检验的实践,在常规检验项目的基础上,介绍了新的资料审查方法和开挖割样的原则,提出了通过割样检验来评估埋地PE管道材质性能变化情况及原始焊口安装质量的观点;最后,针对最不利条件下的组合载荷,介绍了管壁截面稳定性校核的方法。这些方法及建议,对同行有一定的参考和借鉴意义。