洛阳市大气污染特征与相关气象要素24小时变化分析

通过对洛阳市环境空气监测资料的统计,归纳出洛阳市区日内24小时环境空气污染变化特征,并结合同步气象观测资料综合分析,找出了二者之间的联系特征。引入气温日较差这一便于观测、预报的气象要素表征空气污染物垂直扩散特征,为今后进行污染预报提供了新的思路。     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

哈尔滨等几个城市气候变化的对比分析

应用距平分析和Morlet小波变换方法对哈尔滨、石家庄、武汉、广州等4个城市1951—2004年的年均气温和夏季降水进行了对比分析，结果发现，这4个城市：（1）近50多a来气温基本上都是呈逐渐升温趋势，升温幅度都在1℃以上，其中哈尔滨的气温年变化比其他3个城市剧烈；（2）气温年代际演变特征非常明显，存在10～25a尺度的变化，在20世纪80年代前期发生气候突变；（3）近50多a夏季降水变化趋势不太一致，在空间分布上表现为波列特征；（4）夏季降水年代际变化特征非常明显，都存在10a左右尺度变化；（5）降水变化趋势与气温变化趋势不一致。     

高温下栓钉剪力连接件的结构性能数值模拟研究

目前,钢混凝土组合梁由于其具有截面高度小、自重轻、延性好等优点而广泛应用于高层建筑和桥梁结构中。钢混凝土组合梁中,钢梁和混凝土板通过剪力连接件共同作用,钢混凝土组合梁的性能很大程度上依赖于剪力连接件的性能,因此剪力连接件是组合梁中的关键部位。栓钉是目前最常用的柔性剪力连接件。本文采用有限元软件ABAQUS,较系统地研究了高温下组合梁中栓钉破坏形态、破坏机理、抗剪承载力和荷载—滑移规律性能,为高温下组合梁抗火性能研究提供基础。模型中混凝土、栓钉和钢梁采用实体单元模拟,材料的力学特性和热工特性参数根据欧洲规范(EN 1994-1-2)。本文先用文献中的试验结果验证了数值模型的可靠性,并进一步研究了不同栓钉直径和不同混凝土强度等级时的高温下栓钉承栽力折减系数。研究表明,欧洲规范中高温下栓钉承栽力的计算公式是合理的,能较准确地预测栓钉在高温下的承栽力。     

云南近百年来温度雨量的变化特征分析

用气候倾向率、Morlet小波方法,对云南10个站1901-2007年的年降水和平均温度资料分析表明:100年来云南平均增温速率为0.031℃/10a。近50年来全省平均增温速率为0.242℃/10a,略高于全国的增温,增温最大的是滇中的昆明、滇南的普洱,分别为0.442℃/10a和0.409℃/10a,并且西部明显高于东部。100年来云南年降水呈减少趋势,平均速率为7.288mm/10a,近50年来,年降水量减少平均速率为6.66mm/10a。但云南降水的区域分异非常明显,云南的东部、中部降水减少;而滇西北和滇东南地区降水增加。云南气温明显的年代际变化是32年,发生了3次突变。年降水呈明显的年代际及年际振荡,具有16～32年、4～8年周期。     

温度及外加碳源对生物脱氮除磷过程的影响

针对污水处理厂普遍面临的进水碳源不足及冬季低温时出水氮磷不能稳定达标的问题,研究了温度(21、15和10℃)和外加碳源(乙酸)对活性污泥缺氧条件下反硝化及释磷过程的影响。结果表明,在缺氧条件下投加乙酸,释磷与反硝化反应可同时进行,且乙酸投量的增加仅延长快速碳源反硝化阶段及缺氧释磷阶段的反应时间;温度降低为15℃和10℃时,快速碳源反硝化阶段反硝化速率及缺氧释磷速率较21℃分别降低了约29.2%、42.2%和26.1%、32.3%。当硝态氮目标去除量与磷酸盐目标释放量之比超过5时,乙酸的最优投量以满足反硝化要求为准,计算得出21、15和10℃时常州某城镇污水处理厂乙酸最优投加量计算值约为30、39和46 mg/L。     

中低温厌氧处理城市污水污泥颗粒化的研究

用高径比为3：1的UASB反应器分别在35℃和室温条件下处理模拟城市污水,研究了污泥的颗粒化过程.比较了在不同温度、浓度下形成的颗粒污泥的特征.水温为9～25℃,进水浓度为100～200 mg COD/L,水力上流速度（Vup）在0.013～0.11 m/h的4^#UASB反应器在60 d内在形成了成熟的颗粒污泥.研究表明,进水中低的有机物浓度,低的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋浓度和低的Vup没有抑制颗粒化进程.     

Bacterial community structure analyses to assess pollution of water and sediments in the Lake Shkodra/Skadar, Balkan Peninsula

- Goal, Scope, Background. Lake Skadar is the largest lake in Balkan Peninsula, located on the Montenegro-Albanian border. The unique features of the lake and wide range of endemic and rare or endangered plant and animal species resulted in the classification of the Skadar as a wetland site of international significance. In spite of its importance the Lake is influenced by inflowing waters from river Morača and other regional rivers contaminated by the industry, municipal and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, the Lake has been subject of various physical, chemical, biological and toxicological examinations. However, community-level analyses are most relevant to assess the effect of stressors on aquatic ecosystems. In the present study bacterial community structure among differently polluted sites of the lake was compared by genetic fingerprinting technique. Methods Water and sediment samples were collected from five differently polluted sampling sites on the Lake Skadar in spring and autumn of the same year. The bacterial community structure in the samples was characterized and compared by temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (TTGE) analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results and Discussion The TTGE analysis resulted in many distinguishable and reproducible band patterns, allowing reliable comparison of bacterial communities among sampling sites. Results on the bacterial community structure revealed that three of the selected locations can be considered as sites that have not shown any pollution degradation determined by our method, due to similar structure of bacterial community in the sediment samples. On the other hand, significant shifts in bacterial community structure in the mouth of the river Morača and Plavnica were shown. Since the results coincide with some of the bioassays and chemical analysis performed previously, the changes in bacterial community structure are explained as an effect of antropogenic pollution on the lake ecosystem by waters of river Morača and stream Plavnica. Conclusion The TTGE has proven to be an efficient and reliable method to monitor bacterial dynamics and community shifts in aquatic environment, especially in the sediments. Within the variety of environmental quality assessments the use of TTGE analyses of bacterial community is strongly recommended, particularly as an initial investigation. However, in any conclusion on the state of the environment, the TTGE results should be combined to some other biological, chemical and hydrological data. Recommendation and Outlook Since prokaryotes are a crucial group of organisms in the biosphere, the ecosystem function studies are largely based on bacterial communities. Therefore, bacterial community structure analysis should be a part of an integrated weight of evidence approach in pollution assessment. In case of Triad approach, consisting of chemical analyses, bioassays, and community studies in the field, the TTGE bacterial community structure analyses should be placed in the later Triad leg. In comparison to other community studies, based on various biotic indices, the TTGE bacterial community analysis has proven to be very sensitive, reliable and less time consuming.     

ASBBR处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

研究以超高盐榨菜腌制废水为对象,考察填料种类、负荷和温度对ASBBR启动及处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在温度为30℃,盐度为7%（NaCl计）,负荷为1 kg COD/（m³·d）的条件下,采用聚氨酯泡沫填料的反应器经67 d可成功构建超高盐榨菜腌制废水厌氧生物处理系统,较未设置填料、投加半软性组合填料、球形组合填料和聚苯乙烯泡沫填料的反应器分别缩短了26、6、24和18 d,且运行至第79天,可使出水COD降至375 mg/L,COD去除率为92.86%;通过对负荷的阶段逐步提高,可提升反应器有机负荷至15 kg COD/（m³·d）,使进水COD为（27 000±2 000）mg/L的超高盐废水,出水COD均值降至2 200 mg/L ,平均去除率达到92.03%;温度对反应器处理效能影响显著,温度分别为30、25、20、15和10℃时,反应器COD去除率分别为92.63%、84.07%、67.13%、54.61%和44.19%。     

pH和温度对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚在土壤中吸附和解吸行为的影响研究

研究了pH和温度对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在土壤中的吸附和解吸行为的影响。结果表明,pH和温度都可以影响BDE-47在受试土壤中的吸附和解吸行为。pH升高或降低均会使土壤对BDE-47的吸附能力提高,且在碱性环境中提高的程度更大;酸性或碱性条件下BDE-47在土壤中的解吸滞后性显著增强。温度降低后,土壤对BDE-47的吸附能力提高,5℃时的单点分配系数(Kd,表征土壤对BDE-47的吸附能力)是25℃时的1.03~1.67倍;温度由25℃降低到5℃后,BDE-47在土壤中的解吸滞后性增强。