1971-2016年新疆极端温度时空变化特征分析

基于新疆地区42个气象站点1971-2016年逐日温度数据资料,选取世界气象组织(WMO)推荐的10个极端温度指标,使用线性趋势法、克里金插值法和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析该地区极端温度指数在时间和空间上的变化规律.结果 表明:新疆地区1971-2016年间4个极端高温指数均呈现出明显的上升趋势,除极...     

Urban Air Pollution Patterns, Land Use, and Thermal Landscape: An Examination of the Linkage Using GIS

This article investigates the relationship of local air pollution pattern with urban land use and with urban thermal landscape using a GIS approach. Ambient air quality measurements for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, total suspended particles, and dust level were obtained for Guangzhou City in South China between 1981 and 2000. Landsat TM images and aerial photo derived maps were used to examine city's land use and land cover at different times and changes. Landsat thermal infrared data were employed to compute land surface temperatures and to assess urban thermal patterns. Relationships among the spatial patterns of air pollution, land use, and thermal landscape were sought through GIS and correlation analyses. Results show that the spatial patterns of air pollutants probed were positively correlated with urban built-up density, and with satellite derived land surface temperature values, particularly with measurements taken during the summer. It is suggested that further studies investigate the mechanisms of this linkage, and that remote sensing of air pollution delves into how the energy interacts with the atmosphere and the environment and how sensors see pollutants. Thermal infrared imagery could play a unique role in monitoring and modeling atmospheric pollution.     

混凝土结构使役环境中温度智能模拟LabVIEW软件设计

本项目结合湖北省科技计划自然科学基金项目“混凝土结构使役环境的智能模拟”,在WTST-150试验机硬件平台基础上,以LabVIEW8．5为开发平台,设计了一套混凝土结构使役环境中温度智能模拟LabVIEW软件,主要包括能初始化程序、温度采集与显示子程序、温度PID控制子程序、温度存储和查询子程序。经投入实验验证,该软件能实现实时曲线显示、温度控制、试验状态和保存试验数据、数据查询、手动加热、分配温度通道、PID控制参数整定、制冷、读入温度曲线等功能。具有实时在线循环检测、采集数据、响应快速等优点,并具有良好的故障诊断能力和可维护性以及超强的纠错能力。本软件完善了WTST-150试验机的温度控制系统,使其更加符合实际工况。     

SDJ/W25高低温恒湿环境试验箱

在科技高速发展的今天,越来越多的精密仪器需要进行高低温及湿热试验,以便对试品在给定环境条件下的行为能力作出评价。精密仪器往往要求低风速,低震动和高精度温场。本文介绍环境试验设备如何实现低风速、低震动下,温场高精度。     

A Comparison of Statistical Approaches for Predicting Stream Temperatures Across Heterogeneous Landscapes1

Abstract: Estimating stream temperatures across broad spatial extents is important for regional conservation of running waters. Although statistical models can be useful in this endeavor, little information exists to aid in the selection of a particular statistical approach. Our objective was to compare the accuracy of ordinary least‐squares multiple linear regression, generalized additive modeling, ordinary kriging, and linear mixed modeling (LMM) using July mean stream temperatures in Michigan and Wisconsin. Although LMM using low‐rank thin‐plate smoothing splines to measure the spatial autocorrelation in stream temperatures was the most accurate modeling approach; overall, there were only slight differences in prediction accuracy among the evaluated approaches. This suggests that managers and researchers can select a stream temperature modeling approach that meets their level of expertise without sacrificing substantial amounts of prediction accuracy. The most accurate models for Michigan and Wisconsin had root mean square errors of 2.0‐2.3°C, suggesting that only relatively coarse predictions can be produced from landscape‐based statistical models at regional scales. Explaining substantially more variability in stream temperatures likely will require the collection of finer‐scale hydrologic and physiographic data, which may be cost prohibitive for monitoring and assessing stream temperatures at regional scales.     

澳洲冷空气活动与长江中下游降水的联系分析

利用澳洲范围700 hPa温度场的再分析资料和长江中下游降水资料,通过谱分析方法,试析了澳洲冷空气活动对我国长江中下游主汛期降水的影响,并进一步分析了西太平洋副热带高压在此中起的作用。研究结果表明：在我国夏季,澳洲变温与涝年长江中下游主汛期的降水都具有77 d的周期,两者存在着77 d周期的遥相关,同时在77 d的周期两者呈现同位相振荡。也就表明在77 d的周期澳洲冷高压变动时经73 d后影响长江中下游降水。同时也得出澳洲冷高压强时,西太平洋副热带高压北移,长江中下游受西太平洋副热带高压控制,晴天少雨;澳洲冷高压弱时,西太平洋副热带高压南落,长江中下游处西太平洋副热带高压边缘,多降水天气。以上结论对长江中下游降水预报有一定的指示意义。     

长江流域年平均气温的时空变化特征

利用长江流域146个气象站点1960~2005年的逐年气温资料,选用EOF和REOF方法识别长江流域年平均气温空间变化特征,并对长江流域年平均气温变化敏感区域进行时间演变分析和突变检测。研究表明:长江流域年平均气温主要有2种空间振荡型（即全流域气温变化趋向一致型和流域内气温变化存在东西向差异型）,3个变化敏感区域（长江流域中下游地区、长江流域南部和金沙江流域）。3个变化敏感区域的年平均气温都在20世纪90年代明显升高,且均在90年代后期呈突变增加,其中金沙江流域升温趋势最为明显,气候倾向率为0.20℃/10a。全流域1991~2005年年平均气温距平空间分布表明,自1991年以来全流域都为升温趋势,其中长江流域中下游地区和金沙江流域是升温幅度最大的地区。     

乌江干流中上游水电梯级开发水温累积效应

以乌江流域洪家渡库尾至乌江渡坝下的水电工程干扰典型段为研究区域,利用建坝前后的水温实测资料,采用建坝前天然水温和建坝后下泄水温比较法,对乌江干流梯级水库水温时空分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明：对天然水温改变最大的电站为洪家渡和乌江渡,前者是受水库水温结构自身影响,后者是梯级联合运行的结果;梯级联合运行使库区水温分层有所减弱,随着时间的推移或上游梯级电站的建成,电站下泄水温年变化过程趋于均化,与天然水温的延迟也越加明显;不同的水库水温结构对水温累积效应的影响也各不相同,稳定分层型水库对水温累积具有正效应,混合型水库具有负效应,过渡型水库处于两者之间,体现了梯级电站的水温累积影响,为研究减缓下泄低温水的对策措施提供依据和参考。     

重庆近48年来高温天气气候特征及其环流形势

利用重庆23个气象观测站1960~2007年逐日最高气温观测资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集中的高度场格点资料,运用EOF、REOF等方法,探讨重庆高温日数的空间分布特征,并对多高温天气的2006年和少高温天气年7~8月的环流特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆高温天气主要出现在7~8月份,高温日数具有显著的年代际和区域性差异,20世纪70年代最多,80年代最少,沿长江、乌江为高温多发带。一致性异常分布是重庆高温日数的最主要空间模态;高温日数的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：重庆中西部、重庆东南部、重庆东北部。乌拉尔山至鄂霍次克海地区阻塞高压偏弱,东亚大槽偏浅;100 hPa 高空南亚高压偏东,500 hPa 高空副高偏北偏西,形成一种上高下高的叠加形势是重庆7~8月出现多高温天气的主要原因。