Effects of Water Withdrawal From Ice‐Covered Lakes on Oxygen,Temperature, and Fish1

Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal.     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

Assessment of thermal stratification within stream pools as a mechanism to provide refugia for native trout in hot, arid rangelands

Native trout species, such as the redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), occupy thermally harsh stream habitats in hot, arid rangeland basins of the western United States. Declines in the distribution and abundance of these species has generated interest in understanding how these cold water species survive in these systems, as well as in identifying opportunities to restore these species to their former ranges. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for thermal stratification to provide thermal refuge for redband trout in stream pools characterized by warm intermittent flow conditions on arid rangelands. We studied vertical thermal stratification in two pools during three summers on Boles Creek located on the Modoc Plateau in extreme northeastern California. Water and air temperature data were collected on a 0.5 h time step from 15-Jun through 15-Sep during 1996, 1997, and 2000 using commercial temperature data-loggers. Water temperature was measured at the top (0.3 m below pool surface) and bottom (0.3 m above pool substrates) of each pool. Vertical thermal stratification occurred within these pools creating conditions as much as 7.6 ˚C cooler and consistently more constant at the bottom of pools compared to pool surface waters. Thermal stratification was dependent upon air temperature with the magnitude of stratification increasing as air temperature increased. The magnitude of thermal stratification varied significantly from year to year, likely reflecting variation in annual weather conditions. The thermal regime in the study pools was often near the upper lethal limit reported for redband trout, but temperatures at the bottom of these pools did offer refuge from lethal temperatures realized near the pool surface. Temperatures at pool bottom were consistently above optimal levels published for redbands.     

浙江某农场土壤和沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究农田土壤及沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附作用.实验表明,水相氨氮浓度为5～100 mg/L时,风干农田土壤、风干沟渠沉积物及新鲜沟渠沉积物3种吸附剂的吸附等温线均呈良好线性关系,并符合Freundlich吸附模式;农田土壤与沟渠沉积物的氨氮背景含量分别为12 mg·kg^-1和92 mg·kg^-1,并且农田土壤对氨氮的吸附系数为8.21,而风干沟渠沉积物与新鲜沟渠沉积物吸附系数分别为5.42与6.84,因此,土壤的吸附能力要大于沟渠沉积物,后两者的吸附能力相近.对3种吸附剂吸附机制的讨论表明,吸附特性与界面性质相关,实验氨氮浓度范围内吸附作用主要为离子交换.相同实验条件下,当初始氨氮浓度较大时,随温度升高,3种吸附剂对氨氮的平衡吸附量减小,对氨氮的吸附为弱放热过程.     

SBR系统中活性污泥内源呼吸速率的研究

在SBR污水处理系统中应用呼吸速率测定仪对活性污泥的呼吸速率进行测定,探讨了污泥浓度和温度对内源呼吸速率的影响.对大量的比内源呼吸速率数据进行处理后发现,在混合液温度基本不变的基础上,内源呼吸速率与污泥浓度变化趋势一致,即比内源呼吸速率与污泥浓度无关;而温度对比内源呼吸速率的影响十分显著.这些结论为呼吸速率成为SBR工艺的控制参数提供了基础.     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

低温试验系统中露点温度控制的节能技术

本文通过对低温系统露点温度控制技术的分析,指出该控制模式存在的不足,提出采用露点模式和时间程序模式相结合的露点节能控制模式对空气的干燥度和使用工况进行监控,从而实现对低湿度干燥空气的露点温度的智能监控.同时对两种控制模式耗能进行比较,指出露点节能控制模式明显优于单纯的时间程序控制模式,为低温系统露点控制提供了新的测控手段.     

锅炉尾部烟道直接喷水调质技术的研究

对排烟温度低于160 ℃的锅炉尾部烟道内直接喷水调质技术进行了探讨,从实际应用情况来看,此项技术改造规模小,不影响除灰系统正常运行,并且能提高1%～2.5%的除尘效率.     

大型建筑构件在突发性事件中的抗火性能分析

针对地震、恐怖袭击等突发性事件引起的次生火灾对大型建筑的破坏特点,比较了大型建筑与普通建筑在结构抗火性能上的差异;利用轴向非均匀温度应力模型,对大型建筑构件的抗火性能与结构抗火计算进行了分析,疏理归纳出了部分性能特征;提出了一套用于这类火灾特点的构件抗火计算理论方法。     

HP6890色谱柱用于环境空气中微量恶臭硫化物的检测

利用HP6890型气相色谱仪进行环境空气中微量恶臭硫化物分析,实验结果表明:分离效果、峰形都很好,实验采用4种柱箱初始温度及升温程序,分别由初始温度70℃升温至90℃、120℃、130℃及由初始温度150℃,最后升温至190℃,相应分析一个样品的时间依次为:130.515min、63.419min、56.359min及11.116min,样品分析时间大大缩短,可提高分析效率。