Effect of mixtures of metals on the spotted Babylon snail (Babylonia areolata) under different temperature conditions

A study was conducted on the Babylon snail (Babylonia areolata) to examine the effects of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) on different life stages of this gastropod. Metal toxicity significantly varied according to the life stage of the snail. The different LC₅₀ values obtained were 0.51, 5.49, 0.31, and 0.2 ppm for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni for the larval stage and 4.98, 15.19, 0.91, and 1.21 ppm at the juvenile stage and 8.54, 17.52, 1.14, and 1.44 ppm in the adult stage. Studies were also conducted on the effects of dual metal concentrations and experiments were repeated with temperature as a variable. Results demonstrated that metal toxicity values were altered depending on the metals involved in the combination as well as temperature under which the experiment was conducted.     

Temperature effects on the toxicity of four trace metals to adult spotted Babylonia snails (Babylonia areolata)

A study was conducted to determine the median lethal toxicity of four heavy metals on the marine gastropod Babylonia areolata. Median lethal toxicity tests were conducted to observe the sensitivity of this gastropod to metals and how variations in temperature might affect toxicity of test elements. Four heavy metals were used in the study. It was observed that the 96-hr LC₅₀ (in mg/L) for the different metals was found to be nickel (Ni) 33.53 (35.22–28.43), copper (Cu) 44.59 (46.43–41.53), cadmium (Cd) 21.53 (23.43–18.37), and zinc (Zn) 27.34 (28.81–24.24) at room temperature 24 °C. With temperature as a variable, median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values were observed to increase from 22.41 mg/L at 10 °C to 27.34 mg/L at 28 °C and reduce to 18.43 mg/L at 30 °C and a further rise in toxicity was observed at 35 °C where LC₅₀ value was 12.7 mg/L as seen in the case of Zn. It was also observed that at 40 °C thermal and chemical toxicity overlapped as 100% mortality was observed in controls. This trend was noted in all metals for Babylonia areolata indicating that temperature played an important role in determining LC₅₀ values of toxicants.     

雌酮(E1)在土壤中的吸附特性

研究了平衡时间、温度、pH、离子强度和土壤粒径对E1(雌酮)在土壤中吸附特性的影响. 结果表明:E1在土壤中的等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5h;在温度为10、20和30℃条件下,土壤对E1的K_f(吸附系数)分别为24.72、14.18和9.39,K_d(分配系数)分别为34.79、24.15和13.51,表明随着温度的升高,土壤对E1的吸附量显著降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在pH由3.0增至6.0时呈降低趋势,在pH>6.0～9.0时保持稳定,然后随着pH进一步升高(>9.0～11.0)而继续降低;土壤对E1的吸附量在离子强度由0.005mol/L升至0.1mol/L时显著升高,在离子强度>0.1mol/L时保持稳定;砂粒、粉粒和黏粒对E1的K_f分别为5.17、12.79和25.22,K_d分别为6.80、16.11和39.95,即随着土壤粒径的减小,对于E1的吸附作用显著增加.      

Measuring the effectiveness of San Francisco’s planning standard for pedestrian wind comfort

ABSTRACT

In 1985, San Francisco adopted a wind comfort standard in its Downtown Area Plan in response to increasing concerns about the city’s downtown public open spaces becoming excessively windy. After 30 years of implementation, this study revisits the standard and examines its effectiveness in promoting pedestrian comfort. Seven hundred one valid samples were collected from 6 months of field study, which combined surveying pedestrians and on-site collection of microclimate data. Statistical analysis and an assessment using the physiological equivalent temperature show that 11 mph (4.92 m/s), the comfort criterion in places for walking, performs as an effective determinant of outdoor comfort in San Francisco. This study sheds light on climate-resilience of cities, as they have become key urban challenges today.     

北京市8种铺装材质温湿度变化特征

选择北京市海淀公园8种不同铺装材质的下垫面作为研究对象,对其温湿度变化特征进行了定量化的研究。每天8：00—18：00,每2h一次分别对8种铺装材质下垫面的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定7d。结果表明：不同铺装材质白昼期间,草坪的温度最低、相对湿度最高;透水砖、混凝土、拉道大理石及有机材料的温度和相对湿度居中;沥...     

水稻秸秆沟埋还田对麦田土壤环境的影响

通过大田试验,采用秸秆沟埋还田方式,设置沟埋深度分别为20、30、40、50 cm及对照5个处理,将上季作物秸秆进行全量还田(秸秆沟埋量为2 kg.m-1),研究水稻秸秆沟埋还田对麦田土壤含水量、温度、容重和孔隙度等的影响。结果表明,降水结束后12 d内,沟埋深度20和30 cm处理土壤含水量(与埋草沟边水平距离10 cm处)显著下降(P<0.05);而沟埋深度40和50 cm处理土壤含水量(与埋草沟边水平距离10 cm处)与对照差异未达显著水平。埋草沟秸秆下层土壤温度变化较小,秸秆对下层土壤具有保温作用;除沟埋深度20 cm处理外,其他不同沟埋深度处理均能明显降低秸秆上层土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,使耕层土壤疏松。     

土壤温度和湿度对鲁东南杨树人工林土壤呼吸的协同影响

利用GXH．3051红外C02气体分析仪结合自制密闭箱对鲁东南中龄杨树人工林（MAP）和成熟杨树人工林（MP）土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异氧呼吸进行了为期2a的定位研究,分析土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的关系及动态变化,探讨土壤温度和湿度对土壤呼吸的协同影响。结果表明,（1）MAP和MP土壤呼吸具明显的季节特征,均呈单峰变化,7月达到高峰,分别为4．43和3．55μm01·m-2．s-1,1月处于低谷,分别为0．72和0．54tmaol·m-2．S-1。（2）土壤温度与土壤呼吸的关系可用指数模型R=ae加’进行拟合,土壤湿度与土壤呼吸的关系可用线性模型R=aW＋b进行拟合。（3）土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的综合关系可用非线性模型R=aebrWc较好地拟合,共同解释了MAP和MP不同年份土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异氧呼吸的83．3％－85．1％、71％－79．2％、58．6％－76．5％和82．4％－88．3％、68．9％－78．2％、50．2％－78．2％,双因素模型明显优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素模型,表明鲁东南杨树人工林土壤呼吸主要受土壤温度和土壤湿度的协同影响。     

初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限影响的研究

研究初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限的影响规律,运用阿累尼乌斯定律,可得出温度与化学反应速度之间的关系式,从而得出简化的温度和爆炸极限影响的模型。利用该模型对5种烷烃在不同温度下的爆炸下限实验值进行拟合相关度比较,所得爆炸下限模型平均拟合相关系数达到0.995 5。结果表明,该简化模型具有较强的可靠性。     

小环境密闭空间初始压力对预混合可燃性气体爆炸的影响

在工程应用中,初始压力的增高一般都能提高预混合可燃性气体爆炸的强度,缩小反应设备的体积.因此研究在小环境密闭空间下初始压力的变化对预混合可燃性气体爆炸的特性与规律是十分必要的.本文运用AutoReaGas爆炸仿真模拟器定量研究了小环境密闭空间的初始压力对预混合可燃性气体爆炸的影响.其结果表明,在相同小环境密闭空间尺寸下利用AutoReaGas爆炸仿真模拟器充入相同条件的预混合可燃性气体.其预混合气体密度、冲击波产生的超压都随着初始压力的增加而增大;并且爆炸超压与初始压力呈近似的线性关系;但各个观测点的温度和速度并不随着初始压力的增加而变化.研究所取得的成果可为今后的工程应用提供一定的理论数据指导.     

可燃装修材料的燃烧温度场数值模拟分析

为研究室内可燃装修材料的耐高温及燃烧特性,该文用火灾动力学模拟软件Fire DynamicSimulator(FDS)对火灾实际场景的温度场进行数值模拟分析。对热释放速率曲线进行拟合分析,发现火灾发展初期是由一个慢速增长火和一个超快速增长火两个阶段组成。比较温度场的模拟结果与实际场景的燃烧图痕,得出火场温度的快速升高源于可燃材料的热释放速率和燃料消耗速率快速增加。同时分析了火场中一氧化碳、二氧化碳等有害气体的浓度与燃烧温度场的变化规律,为选择合适的室内装饰材料提供有效的数值参考。