稀性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

泥石流的运动速度是泥石流动力学研究中最重要的参数。稀性泥石流是常见也是危害较大的泥石流类型,准确而简洁地计算稀性泥石流的运动速度非常重要。现有的稀性泥石流平均速度经验公式,在使用上和适用地区上还存在一些问题。本文通过分析一系列稀性泥石流观测资料中的体积浓度与稀性泥石流的运动速度和阻力特征的关系,得出了一个新的计算稀性泥石流平均运动速度的经验公式,该公式能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,适用于一般急流的稀性泥石流;对于缓流稀性泥石流,计算值与观测值相比偏大,但很接近;不适用于缓慢稀性泥石流。本文提出的经验公式,使用简洁,计算稳定,与其他方法计算的稀性泥石流平均运动速度很接近。该速度计算经验公式也适用于稀性泥石流堆积扇上游沟道,但对于堆积扇上的速度,计算值偏大,且越往堆积扇的下游,偏差越大。     

TiO_2膜光催化降解4,4’-二溴联苯的研究

研究了负载于玻璃上的同定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4'-二溴联苯(4,4'-DBB)的效果,考察了溶液pH值和4,4'-DBB初始浓度等对TiO2膜光催化降解4,4'-DBB的影响,探讨了降解机理.结果表明.TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4'-DBB的效果良好,紫外光照射8 b,初始浓度为4 mg/L的4,4'-DBB的降解率高达94%,降解速率随着4,4'-DBB初始浓度的增大而下降.在溶液pH=1时,4,4'-DBB的降解效率最高.超声的加入使降解反应的速率加快.经拟合发现4,4'-DBB的降解符合拟一级反应规律,并推导出动力学方程.     

水体中常见无机阳离子对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择了6种水体中常见的阳离子(Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Al3+、Cu2+、Ni2+),分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响;从光吸收、无机离子本身的性质对光生电子的捕获及传递等讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率的原因。结果表明:由于其不能捕获光生电子,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+本身对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率影响不大;Al3+吸引电子能力较强,成为光生电子和Cr(Ⅵ)之间的桥梁,促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;浓度为1 mmmol/L时,Cu2+显著地促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,其主要原因是Cu2+捕获光生电子的能力很强,起到了催化剂的作用,而浓度大于10 mmol/L时,Cu2+形成单质Cu以及对紫外光的吸收都使促进作用降低;Ni2+未充满的d轨道具有获得并传递光生电子的能力,也促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;在浓度同为1mmol/L时,对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原的促进作用依次为:Cu2+Al3+Ni2+Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+。     

Diffusive gradient in thin FILMS (DGT) compared with soil solution and labile uranium fraction for predicting uranium bioavailability to ryegrass

The usefulness of uranium concentration in soil solution or recovered by selective extraction as unequivocal bioavailability indices for uranium uptake by plants is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to test if the uranium concentration measured by the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique is a relevant substitute for plant uranium availability in comparison to uranium concentration in the soil solution or uranium recovered by ammonium acetate. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Melvina) is grown in greenhouse on a range of uranium spiked soils. The DGT-recovered uranium concentration (C_DGT) was correlated with uranium concentration in the soil solution or with uranium recovered by ammonium acetate extraction. Plant uptake was better predicted by the summed soil solution concentrations of UO₂²⁺, uranyl carbonate complexes and UO₂PO₄⁻. The DGT technique did not provide significant advantages over conventional methods to predict uranium uptake by plants.     

薄膜负载型TiO_2光催化降解乙酸

利用TiCl_4水解法在玻璃表面制备纳米TiO_2光催化膜,考察了TiO_2光催化膜对乙酸光催化降解过程的影响因素.实验结果表明:使用活化温度为460℃、镀膜4次、表面积168 cm~2的TiO_2光催化膜处理500 mL0.667 mmoL/L的乙酸350 min时,乙酸降解率为80.0%,与等量TiO_2粉末相比光催化膜活性显著增加;当乙酸初始浓度c_0小于0.667 mmoL/L时,光催化降解过程可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程来描述;TiO_2膜连续使用5次(30 h)时的光催化活性基本不变;用质量分数为5%的HCl溶液浸泡失去活性的光催化膜1 h,TiO_2光催化膜的活性可完全恢复.     

鸡毛不溶解蛋白海绵膜的制备与表征

通过冷冻干燥,将羽毛还原法残渣制成表面光滑、有弹性、孔隙致密、柔韧性高的海绵膜,不需预处理也无需添加交联剂,并通过傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、元素分析、示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和透气性测量仪对膜进行表征。在最佳甘油含量下,膜均匀平整,在160℃以内性质稳定,透气量368 mm/s,在医药、生物、纺织、环境及日化领域都具有很大的应用潜力。     

羽毛不可溶角蛋白海绵膜对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能

通过冷冻干燥,将还原法产生的凝胶状不可溶蛋白制备成具有致密孔隙的海绵膜,无需预处理和无交联剂,并研究了其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。结果表明,在60℃、固液比12．5g／L、初始浓度100mg／L下最大吸附量为148．8mg／g,吸附过程符合Langmuir型和Freundlich型等温吸附模型,为吸热过程,物理吸附和化学吸附均起到重要作用。     

厌氧附着膜膨胀床处理白酒废水启动实验的研究

对用颗粒活性炭作为载体的AAFEB反应器处理白酒废水的启动实验进行了研究。结果表明：在采用恒定进水COD浓度和pH的条件下,通过不断提高温度到35℃,缩短水力停留时间至8 h,维持床层膨胀率在18%～20%,经36 d反应器成功启动,此时反应器有机容积负荷6 kg COD/（m3.d）,COD去除率达到82.9%,容积...     

Representative measurement of two-dimensional reactive phosphate distributions and co-distributed iron(II) and sulfide in seagrass sediment porewaters

The high degree of heterogeneity within sediments can make interpreting one-dimensional measurements difficult. The recent development and use of in situ techniques that measure two-dimensional distributions of porewater solutes have facilitated investigation of the role of spatial heterogeneity in sediment biogeochemistry. A colourimetric diffusive equilibration in thin films method has been developed that allows two-dimensional, high-resolution measurement of reactive phosphate in sediment porewaters. A method detection limit of 0.22 μM, an effective upper limit of ∼1000 μM and relative standard deviations typically below 5% were achieved. This method was evaluated by deployment in seagrass (Zostera capricorni) colonised sediments, as part of combined probes with similar colourimetric methods for sulfide and iron(II). The two-dimensional, high resolution distributions obtained provide a highly representative measurement of the co-distributions of porewater solutes, allowing heterogeneous features and biogeochemical processes to be observed and interpreted. Microniches of high phosphate concentration >100 μM were observed throughout the distributions and were interpreted to be due to localised zones of rapid organic matter mineralisation, possibly using electron acceptors other than iron(III) oxyhydroxides (e.g. aerobic respiration) as often they did not correspond with microniches of higher Fe(II) concentration.     

高效薄层析进行农药吸附态光解的研究

研究了绿麦隆和消草醚２种除草剂在硅胶Ｇ高效薄层上的光稳定性,提出应用高效薄层析技术作为农药吸附态光解的一种试验方法。在高效薄层上直接点样,同一薄层上包括照光、黑暗对照和定量曲线样品,原始剂量４００—８００ｎｇ·１×５ｍｍ斑点－１,照光后直接展开和扫描定量测定,最低检测量可达２０ｎｇ·斑点－１。本方法无须对样品进行提取、净化等处理,具有快速高效、重复性好,且可直观光解产物等优点。