Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

水中总氮空白的影响因素的探讨

本研究以水中总氮空白值为研究对象,不同厂家的过硫酸钾和不同试验用水条件下的总氮空白的变化规律。研究结果表明：无氨水和二次水蒸出来的总氮空白明显低于一次水蒸出来的总氮空白;这跟蒸馏水纯度有关系,一次水含有氨,所以消解时蒸馏水中的氨会被氧化,从而导致空白值偏高。同样有的厂家的过硫酸钾纯度不高,所以导致空白值高。     

辽河流域水环境压力及污染治理模式研究

系统分析了辽河流域近十年社会经济和水污染物排放之间的关系,基于污染物排放强度和人均GDP指标,建立辽河流域COD和氨氮环境学习曲线;结合情景分析法预测在现有治污水平下,辽河流域未来水污染物排放趋势及水环境压力。结果表明,辽河流域水环境压力巨大。根据辽河流域污染治理中存在的实际问题,提出新时期的污染治理模式。     

论污染物排放的季节性总量控制

今年国务院颁布的《大气污染防治国十条》再次揭示了我国环境污染的严峻现状。虽然规制措施不断严苛,但也存在诸多未曾虑及的方面,季节性总量控制就是其一。我国的季节性污染事件频发,也正表明我国亟需展开对污染物排放的季节性控制。我国大部分地区属于季风气候,夏、冬两季水与大气环境条件区分明显,这也给实施季节性污染物控制提供了条件。而在浓度控制基础上对水和大气污染物质进行季节性总量控制就显示出了合理性。     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、溴仿等5种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。该方法在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9990～0．9998之间,加标回收率在94．0％～106．6％之间,RSD为2．18％-7．62％,检出限为0．22μg／m3～0．30μg／m3。该方法具有操作简单、分析快速、准确度高、灵敏高的特点,用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃,结果令人满意。     

在线气相色谱测定园区中特征污染因子研究

近两年来,随着科学技术的不断发展,在线气相色谱分析仪已逐步在国内监测实际中得到应用,在线气相色谱的应用使挥发性有机物的实时、连续监测成了可能,有效改善了实验室监测数据的滞后性,减少了样品采集、储存、运输过程中产生的误差,结合常州市某化工园区大气特征污染因子预警系统的建设情况,简单介绍了在线气相色谱的工作原理和过程。通过特征污染因子标准曲线的建立和比对试验,说明了在线气相色谱环境监测应用的可行性。     

邻苯二酚环境标准和分析标准研究

苯胺泄漏对水体的污染应急测定项目应选择苯胺和邻苯二酚。邻苯二酚是苯胺降解的中间产物,邻苯二酚同样具有较大毒性。挥发酚的测定不能准确反应水中所含的邻苯二酚,水和废水监测分析方法（第四版）没有邻苯二酚的监测分析方法,已经不能满足苯胺泄漏对饮用水源地污染的应急监测需要。文章综述了邻苯二酚的主要测量方法。参照前苏联渔业水体中有害物质邻苯二酚的最高容许浓度标准,比较了近年来测定水中邻苯二酚不同方法的检出限,基于邻苯二酚的毒性考虑和具备霹F苯二酚的多种测量方法,建议建立邻苯二酚相应的环境标准和标准方法。     

不同TS浓度互花米草沼渣二次发酵特性研究

中温（35±1）℃条件下,沼渣经6%的NaOH常温下处理48 h后,在TS含量8%、10%、12%的条件下沼气发酵.分析了发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的变化,从不同角度考察TS含量负荷对沼渣二次发酵特性的影响.单位TS的日产气高峰分别达10、14、13 mL.g-1,累积产气率为217、227、228 mL.g-1,甲烷含量均在65%以上.发酵过程中最低pH为7.04.乙酸浓度最高分别为3 364、3 286、5 728 mg.L-1,丙酸和丁酸浓度均低于1 100 mg.L-1.结果表明,沼渣为难降解有机物,分解缓慢,不易出现酸化现象,但仍具有较强的产气潜力.