碳边境调节机制：欧盟应对气候变化的新选择与中国因应

近年来,欧盟考虑在气候变化立法中引入碳边境调节机制,旨在消除境外企业由于碳排放成本不对称而获得的价格优势。这一机制对于欧盟对冲减排压力、助力工业回流、增强气候领导力以及推动绿色转型大有裨益。作为一种碳关税政策,该机制确有贸易壁垒之嫌,在国际法上存在较大合法性争议。但未来欧盟可通过制度设计使其符合《关税与贸易总协定》（GATT）第20条,进而获得实施可能性。对我国而言,该机制实施必将会在诸多领域对我国产生不利影响,但某种程度上也可倒逼我国出口结构和贸易方式的调整升级。基于此,今后我国应自上而下完善碳市场建设,适时推动“碳交易+碳税”复合政策双轮驱动;积极开展气候外交;促进我国承接国际产业转移和出口的可持续发展。在法律对策上,积极参与国际谈判与规则制定;完善气候治理体系;促进低碳外贸发展;健全可再生能源激励制度。     

中国加入WTO与绿色贸易（非关税）壁垒

文章以我国即将加入世贸组织的新阶段为背景,阐述了绿色贸易壁垒的起因特征,其内容包括环境税、市场准入、环境技术标准、环境标专和绿色消费意识。基于此,指出目前急街解决的主要问题是加快ISO 14000和环境标志认证、环境经济政策的研究和制定以及人才培养,大力发展环保产业和高效农业。     

China＇s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up, China＇s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China＇s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. ＂High export and high energy consumption＂ has become the feature of China＇s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input-output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input-output data of 2005, by 2030 China＇s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita en- ergy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy- efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

China’s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up,China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth;meanwhile,China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. "High export and high energy consumption" has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development.In this paper,based on the input-output analysis approach,the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors.The results show that,China is a big net exporter of embodied energy.Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%,the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years,and based on the input-output data of 2005,by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production,which is obviously infeasible.As a country of very low per capita energy,China must change its export pattern,encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity,and promote structural change of energy-efficient exported products,so as to achieve the sustainable development.Accordingly,the authors put forward some suggestions.     

WTO环境服务贸易谈判和中国的利益

环境服务的定义和范围是环境服务贸易谈判的关键。环境服务贸易谈判中必须区分并协调好全球环境服务需求与中国环境服务需求的关系。从中国和全球的共同利益出发,谈判中需要尽快重新定义环境服务;提出符合可持续发展战略的环境服务清单;建议WTO应该明确将环境改善,至少是全球环境改善,作为WTO环境服务谈判的目标,而非仅仅靠成员自己的贸易利益驱动谈判。     

Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use1

Thompson, Christopher L., Raymond J. Supalla, Derrel L. Martin, and Brian P. McMullen, 2009. Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1508‐1518. Abstract: In the American West water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource. Obligations to bordering states, endangered species protection, and long‐term resource sustainability objectives have created a need for most western states to reduce the consumption of irrigation water. In Nebraska specifically, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources (NDNR) and local Natural Resource Districts (NRDs) are meeting a large part of this need by using a regulatory approach, commonly called groundwater allocation. The cost of allocation, which occurs in the form of reduced economic returns to irrigation, could be greatly reduced by using an integrated cap and trade approach. Much like environmental cap and trade programs which are used to reduce the cost of limiting environmental pollution, the trading of capped groundwater allocations can reduce the cost of limiting water use. In an analysis of a typical case in the Nebraska Republican Basin, we found that the impact of a water market to trade groundwater allocations depended on the size of the allocation and on the characteristics of the land and irrigation systems involved in the trade. Potential economic benefits from trade ranged from US$0 to US$120 per 1,000 cubic meters traded, from US$25 to US$250 per 1,000 cubic meters of reduction in consumptive use, and from US$16 to US$50 per hectare of irrigated land in the region. The highest benefits occurred at relatively high allocations, which capped withdrawals at 65‐75% of the expected unrestricted pumping level. These gains from trade would be split between buyers and sellers based on the negotiated selling price.     

开放经济与节能减排的协调路径

过去30年中,GDP年均增长9.81%的中国经济奇迹已为世界所见证,然而,繁荣背后的能源与环境问题却往往被轻视.本研究基于1992-2006年省级面板数据的联立方程模型,对开放经济与节能减排的协调路径作了实证分析与情景模拟.研究结果表明:贸易与投资自由化虽然也会通过技术溢出等机制对我国能源与环境产生一定的积极影响,但是,基于规模效应的主导作用,贸易与投资自由化仍将促使我国能源消耗与污染排放的总量增加.在现有国情下,开放经济与节能减排的主要协调路径应在于:以优化能源结构为目标,推进能源价格改革;强化市场换技术战略,提升外资技术效率;因地制宜,促进工业结构优化;保障环境政策的有效性,强化市场机制;加强宣传,树立节能减排的全民意识等.     

欧盟环境规制对我国家电出口的绿色壁垒效应

运用引力模型分析环境规制的贸易效应的文献可以分为三类:考察总体的环境规制严度对双边贸易流量总量的影响,不针对行业和具体产品;考察某行业的环境规制严度对该行业双边贸易流量的影响,不针对具体产品;考察具体的环境规制措施对相关产品的进出口的影响。其环境规制严度的测度有横向赋值法、横向指数法及限量法。本文采用引力模型,对我国空调、显示器、真空吸尘器、电吹风机、微波炉1990年至2006年向欧盟十国的年度出口量进行面板数据分析,合并考察欧盟EMC、ROHS与WEEE及生态标签对我国家电产品出口是否产生壁垒效应。本文拓展出环境规制严度变量的纵向赋值法,按规制措施的影响强弱对环境规制严度变量赋予不同的增加幅度,在时间序列数据中如何对先后实施多项环境规制措施进行计量分析的问题取得突破。结果显示:所考察的欧盟环境规制措施对我国五种家电产品的出口已构成绿色贸易壁垒。这一结果为欧盟环境规制构成绿色壁垒的论断提供了经验分析的证据。     

Use of embodied energy and ecological footprinting to assess the global environmental impact of consumption in an Irish city-region

The objective of this paper is to compare the carbon emissions produced as a result of product consumption by the residents of an Irish city-region, that is Limerick City and its environs. The resulting carbon footprints are used to compare imports of food items, manufactured products and construction materials with domestic production as well as changes between 1996 and 2002. The total ecological footprints (EF) associated with product consumption are also calculated by aggregating the theoretical land required to sequester carbon emissions and the terrestrial land area appropriated for agricultural production and industrial activity. It is suggested that this approach be used to allocate producer or consumer responsibility for environmental impacts from trade.     

中国加入WTO所面临的机遇与挑战2001年10月在伦敦"中英论坛"上就"经济全球化中的环境与贸易"议题的发言

论述了环境与贸易的关系、中国加入WTO的环境影响,指出中国在处理环境与贸易问题上应遵循国际上公认的基本原则.