气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的测量不确定度评定

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论,采用气相色谱一质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物。以氯乙烯为例,通过计算和评定,得出当氯乙烯的测量结果为4．99μg／L时,取包含因子k=2（约95％置信概率）,扩展不确定度U=0．96μg／L。该不确定度评定方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值。     

Uncertainty characterization approaches for risk assessment of DBPs in drinking water: A review

The management of risk from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water has become a critical issue over the last three decades. The areas of concern for risk management studies include (i) human health risk from DBPs, (ii) disinfection performance, (iii) technical feasibility (maintenance, management and operation) of treatment and disinfection approaches, and (iv) cost. Human health risk assessment is typically considered to be the most important phase of the risk-based decision-making or risk management studies. The factors associated with health risk assessment and other attributes are generally prone to considerable uncertainty. Probabilistic and non-probabilistic approaches have both been employed to characterize uncertainties associated with risk assessment. The probabilistic approaches include sampling-based methods (typically Monte Carlo simulation and stratified sampling) and asymptotic (approximate) reliability analysis (first- and second-order reliability methods). Non-probabilistic approaches include interval analysis, fuzzy set theory and possibility theory. However, it is generally accepted that no single method is suitable for the entire spectrum of problems encountered in uncertainty analyses for risk assessment. Each method has its own set of advantages and limitations. In this paper, the feasibility and limitations of different uncertainty analysis approaches are outlined for risk management studies of drinking water supply systems. The findings assist in the selection of suitable approaches for uncertainty analysis in risk management studies associated with DBPs and human health risk.     

Climate change decision-support and the tolerable windows approach

The Tolerable Windows Approach (TWA) to Integrated Assessments (IA) of global warming is based on external normative specifications of tolerable sets of climate impacts as well as proposed emission quotas and policy instruments for implementation. In a subsequent step, the complete set of admissible climate protection strategies which are compatible with these normative inputs is determined by scientific analysis. In doing so, minimum requirements concerning global and national greenhouse gas emission paths can be determined. In this paper we present the basic methodological elements of TWA, discuss its relation to more conventional approaches to IA like cost–benefit analyses, and present some preliminary results obtained by a reduced-form climate model.     

再生水补给型水体中病原微生物的来源、归宿及其风险评估

我国北方地区,以污水处理厂出水等非常规水源补给为主的河/湖逐渐成为城市群下游河流的主导类型;以污水处理厂尾水为补给水源的湿地公园近年来亦大量涌现.在节约城市用水、改善生态环境的同时,污水所携带的病原体对环境安全和人类健康带来潜在的威胁.为评估水环境病原微生物污染的健康风险,深入了解水体中病毒的类型以及病毒污染与环境因素之间的关系,认识病原微生物在水环境系统中的迁移轨迹、人暴露风险点及暴露途径具有重要的意义.针对典型再生水补给型水体存在的公共卫生安全问题,借鉴同时探索污水流行病学方法,并结合微生物定量风险评估（QMRA）分析,通过“污染-风险评价-风险预警”的流程,可以实现病原微生物污染全过程风险管理,为城市水环境的管理和良性运行提供理论支撑.     

How decisions about fitting species distribution models affect conservation outcomes

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used in conservation and land-use planning as inputs to describe biodiversity patterns. These models can be built in different ways, and decisions about data preparation, selection of predictor variables, model fitting, and evaluation all alter the resulting predictions. Commonly, the true distribution of species is unknown and independent data to verify which SDM variant to choose are lacking. Such model uncertainty is of concern to planners. We analyzed how 11 routine decisions about model complexity, predictors, bias treatment, and setting thresholds for predicted values altered conservation priority patterns across 25 species. Models were created with MaxEnt and run through Zonation to determine the priority rank of sites. Although all SDM variants performed well (area under the curve >0.7), they produced spatially different predictions for species and different conservation priority solutions. Priorities were most strongly altered by decisions to not address bias or to apply binary thresholds to predicted values; on average 40% and 35%, respectively, of all grid cells received an opposite priority ranking. Forcing high model complexity altered conservation solutions less than forcing simplicity (14% and 24% of cells with opposite rank values, respectively). Use of fewer species records to build models or choosing alternative bias treatments had intermediate effects (25% and 23%, respectively). Depending on modeling choices, priority areas overlapped as little as 10–20% with the baseline solution, affecting top and bottom priorities differently. Our results demonstrate the extent of model-based uncertainty and quantify the relative impacts of SDM building decisions. When it is uncertain what the best SDM approach and conservation plan is, solving uncertainty or considering alterative options is most important for those decisions that change plans the most.     

Data Vagueness and Uncertainties in Urban Heavy-Metal Data Collection

The use of societal data inenvironmental research has indicated a need forconsidering uncertainties of data. Severalfundamental conditions for statistical treatmentare occasionally not met. The choice is either touse or to ignore the uncertain data. If used, itmay impair the quality of the result. If ignored,a possible environmental risk may remainunattended. This article discusses some of theproblems encountered with data in urbanheavy-metal metabolism, and suggests a method based onuncertainty intervals to consider theuncertainties.     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定废水中总磷的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是表征被测定值的分散性,并与测量结果相联系的参数,钼酸铵分光光度法是测定水质总磷主要方法之一,根据其分析过程的操作步骤确定了其影响因素.在此评定了该方法测定水质中总磷的不确定度,依照分析方法建立数学模型,并根据数学模型把不确定度分解为各不确定度,对影响测量结果的各个分量进行了分析评定和计算,最终给出结果报告和评定结果分析,提出校准实验和多次重复性测量是影响样品分析误差的重要因素.     

基于不确定性的水资源优化配置模型及其实证研究

针对城市水资源系统中存在的不确定性,将可信性模糊机会约束规划模型与区间规划相结合,提出了不确定环境下的可信性模糊-区间线性规划(FILP)模型,将其应用于某城市水资源优化配置与科学管理中,构建了城市水资源优化配置FILP模型.该模型以城市的经济、社会与环境的可持续发展为目标,以供需水量等为不确定性约束,以各水源在各子区不同部门间的分配为决策变量,利用改进的风险显性区间规划算法进行求解得到一定置信度和意愿水平下的水资源优化配置风险-收益权衡方案.实证研究表明,该模型反映了不确定性因素对水资源系统收益的影响,能够为实际的优化决策提供方法支持.     

军品用电动振动试验台测量结果不确定度评定

振动试验台测量结果是否准确可靠,直接关系到对军工产品的评价.结合军工产品环境振动试验工作实际,根据检定规程JJG190-1997《电动振动试验台》检定规程的要求,对使用中电动振动试验台测量结果不确定度进行评定,使电动振动试验台测量结果更加科学合理可靠.     

Pragmatic Approaches for Water Management Under Climate Change Uncertainty1

Stakhiv, Eugene Z., 2011. Pragmatic Approaches for Water Management Under Climate Change Uncertainty. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1183–1196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00589.x Abstract: Water resources management is in a difficult transition phase, trying to accommodate large uncertainties associated with climate change while struggling to implement a difficult set of principles and institutional changes associated with integrated water resources management. Water management is the principal medium through which projected impacts of global warming will be felt and ameliorated. Many standard hydrological practices, based on assumptions of a stationary climate, can be extended to accommodate numerous aspects of climate uncertainty. Classical engineering risk and reliability strategies developed by the water management profession to cope with contemporary climate uncertainties can also be effectively employed during this transition period, while a new family of hydrological tools and better climate change models are developed. An expansion of the concept of “robust decision making,” coupled with existing analytical tools and techniques, is the basis for a new approach advocated for planning and designing water resources infrastructure under climate uncertainty. Ultimately, it is not the tools and methods that need to be revamped as much as the suite of decision rules and evaluation principles used for project justification. They need to be aligned to be more compatible with the implications of a highly uncertain future climate trajectory, so that the hydrologic effects of that uncertainty are correctly reflected in the design of water infrastructure.