北京地区二噁英类的环境多介质迁移和归趋模拟

以二噁英类为研究对象,利用LevelⅢ多介质逸度模型模拟计算了稳态假设下二噁英类在北京地区空气相、水相、土壤相和沉积物相中的浓度分布及各相间的迁移通量.结果表明:二噁英类在空气和土壤相中的模拟输出浓度(以I-TEQ计,全文同)范围分别为0.32～0.34 pg/m3和0.33～1.14 ng/kg,而相应环境相中的实测值分别为0.33 pg/m3和1.48 ng/kg,二者吻合较好,验证了该模型在北京地区的适用性;北京地区二噁英类的主要迁移过程为空气相—土相沉降和空气相—水相沉降.土壤和大气降解是二噁英类的主要消亡途径,二者占总降解量的99.1%.土壤相是二噁英类的最大储库,其占总量的97.8%.      

巢湖塘西河河口湿地重金属污染风险不确定性评价

基于污染风险评价系统多种不确定性共存的特点,采用盲数描述和表征重金属污染风险评价模型的各项参数,在对采自巢湖塘西河河口湿地24个表层沉积物柱状样中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr等指标分析测试的基础上,采用Matlab工具软件编制的潜在生态风险指数盲数评价模型程序,对巢湖塘西河河口湿地重金属污染风险进行定量评估. 结果表明:巢湖塘西河河口湿地处于中等污染至较高污染状态,其相应的可信度分别为0.589和0.411;潜在生态风险等级属较低至中等水平,其相应可信度分别为0.755和0.245. 5种重金属污染程度排序依次为Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr;潜在生态风险水平排序依次为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.      

Comparing model averaging with other model selection strategies for benchmark dose estimation

Model averaging (MA) has been proposed as a method of accommodating model uncertainty when estimating risk. Although the use of MA is inherently appealing, little is known about its performance using general modeling conditions. We investigate the use of MA for estimating excess risk using a Monte Carlo simulation. Dichotomous response data are simulated under various assumed underlying dose–response curves, and nine dose–response models (from the USEPA Benchmark dose model suite) are fit to obtain both model specific and MA risk estimates. The benchmark dose estimates (BMDs) from the MA method, as well as estimates from other commonly selected models, e.g., best fitting model or the model resulting in the smallest BMD, are compared to the true benchmark dose value to better understand both bias and coverage behavior in the estimation procedure. The MA method has a small bias when estimating the BMD that is similar to the bias of BMD estimates derived from the assumed model. Further, when a broader range of models are included in the family of models considered in the MA process, the lower bound estimate provided coverage close to the nominal level, which is superior to the other strategies considered. This approach provides an alternative method for risk managers to estimate risk while incorporating model uncertainty.

武汉汤逊湖未来水环境演变趋势的模拟

以流域为基本单元进行水质水量耦合,构建武汉汤逊湖水环境演变模型(TXHwater);借助Monte Carlo分析方法,对未来汤逊湖的水环境演变趋势进行了分析.结果表明,来水不确定条件下,COD模拟结果的不确定性较大,NH3-N和TN的不确定性中等,TP的不确定性最小.来水不确定性对流域汇流、巡司河入流过程影响较大,主要体现在汛期的5~9月份.如按现有规划,不考虑对污染物指标的削减,到2010年和2020年该湖未来水环境形势严峻,水质将演变为劣V类,主要控制指标为TN和TP,汛期6~8月浓度达到峰值.     

环境风险评价中的不确定性研究

在环境风险评价中经常会遇见不确定性问题,以无水氢氟酸储罐泄漏为例,分别研究了在计算事故发生概率、确定泄漏源、应用扩散模式、评价事故损伤结果等工作中遇到的不确定性问题。并以此分析了造成这些不确定性因素的原因,同时提出相应的解决方法,最后介绍了环境风险评价中不确定性问题的研究现状和方向。     

An uncertain energy planning model under carbon taxes

In this study, an interval fuzzy mixed-integer energy planning model (IFMI-EPM) is developed under considering the carbon tax policy. The developed IFMIEPM incorporates techniques of interval-parameter programming, fuzzy planning and mixed-integer programming within a general energy planning model. The IFMIEPM can not only be used for quantitatively analyzing a variety of policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of carbon tax policy, but also tackle uncertainties expressed as discrete intervals and fuzzy sets in energy and environment systems. Considering low, medium and high carbon tax rates, the model is applied to an ideal energy and environment system. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help decision makers identify desired carbon tax policy.     

基于LHS-MC青岛市工业源VOCs排放清单及不确定性

采用自下而上法,逐一采集企业活动水平,抽样调查企业获取治理措施变量,使用优化后的排放系数法建立青岛市工业源VOCs排放清单,同时将MC和LHS方法联合,模拟单变量和多变量对VOCs清单不确定性影响.结果表明,2019年青岛市工业源VOCs排放总量为4.47万t （未优化排放系数法：3.11万t）,排放贡献较大行业依次为橡胶与塑料制品业、金属制品业、石油/煤炭及其他燃料加工业,占总量40.26%.多变量模拟的不确定性高于单变量,工艺过程源（-9.72%~230.51%）和溶剂使用源（-14.14%~122.77%） VOCs清单的不确定性明显高于燃烧源（-15.62%~36.41%）.影响VOCs清单不确定性的行业和主要因素为：化工、造纸和纺织（排放因子）;金属制品、汽车制造和化工（去除率和设施运行率）;石油加工和黑色金属冶炼（样本数少）.VOCs排放主要集中在：西海岸新区东部、大珠山北部、即墨区南部、城阳区北部、胶州市东北部、平度市建成区和莱西市东南部.     

珠三角地区人为热排放演变趋势及不确定性分析

人类生产生活中产生的大量废热对城市环境中的温度、城市边界层结构、空气质量及人类健康都有着重要的影响.然而目前人为热排放清单的计算方法存在所需基础资料种类繁多、计算过程复杂,空间分布和排放量有较大偏差等不足.本研究采用统计回归法基于CO和NO_x污染源清单计算了2007—2015年珠江三角洲地区的人为热排放清单,对其排放趋势、热排放来源类型变化以及空间格局的演变进行了梳理.结果表明：2007—2015年珠三角地区年平均人为热均大于9 W·m^-2,人为热排放峰值出现在2010年,趋势为先增加后减少,这与燃料消耗总量的变化趋势基本一致,而工业源和道路移动源是影响人为热排放总量变化的最大因素：2007—2015年珠三角地区大部分区域人为热排放处于0~20 W·m^-2,高值区（>20 W·m^-2）主要分布于珠三角地区中心地带的城市群,高值区缩减的面积和速度在2010—2012年期间达到最大.进一步对2012年人为热清单的不确定性分析表明：总人为热的95%置信区间的不确定性为-16%~49%,其中电厂类别排放估算中的不确定性最小,为-13%~16%,而工业源的不确定性最高,为-46%~73%.     

基于气象灾害的青岛市域生态风险评价

根据美国环保局（USEPA）的生态风险评价框架和相对风险模型（Relative Risk Model,RRM）,对青岛市域县级行政区的干旱、洪涝、大风和冰雹4种气象灾害进行了生态风险评价。评价结果表明,研究区内干旱生态风险最为严重,洪涝其次;耕地承受的风险最高,城镇和居民地其次;胶州的生态风险最大,青岛市区其次。而且胶州的干旱灾害、市区的大风灾害、平度的冰雹灾害以及胶南的草地成灾比较突出,成为风险分区的依据。最后,不确定性分析表明RRM不确定性的模拟值与计算值接近,验证了RRM在县级尺度上的适用性;敏感性分析说明相对风险值对干旱等级4最为敏感,且对生境分级敏感程度高于风险源分级。此外,利用生态系统生态服务功能的损失率确定暴露系数,降低了确定暴露系数带来的随机性。同时,生境变化需要进一步考虑以明确生态风险在时间尺度上的变化特点。     

Uncertainty,Irreversibility and the Timing Problems of Environmental Policy

Most environmental issues and policy designing are uncertain and irreversible;therefore,the timing of environmental policy implementation becomes especially important.This paper establishes a random dynamic programming model and analyzes the optimal timing problems in environmental policy under uncertain variables.This model results indicate that two variables have a significant impact on the timing of environmental policy implementation and they work in opposite directions:on one hand,the more uncertain the economy is,the higher the cost of policies implementation will be,and consequently the incentive to immediately adopt the policy will be stronger.On the other hand,the higher the uncertainty of the environment is,the stronger the irreversibility of ecological harm caused by pollutants per unit will be.Therefore,the government should implement new environmental policies as early as possible in order to gain more ecological benefits.