不同氮源对4种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用实验室一次性培养的方法,研究了硝氮、氨氮、尿素和混合氨基酸等4种不同氮源对典型赤潮藻赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo、凯伦藻Karenia sp.、球形棕囊藻Phaeocystis globosa和常见浮游植物优势种类角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.生长的影响。结果表明,这4种海洋微藻不仅能利用无机氮硝氮和氨氮,而且也均能利用有机氮尿素和混合氨基酸。赤潮异弯藻、凯伦藻和角毛藻均在以硝氮为唯一氮源时,比生长速率分别达到最大值0.45、0.52和0.70 d-1;而球形棕囊藻在以硝氮和尿素为唯一氮源时,比生长速率均达最大值0.65 d-1。可溶性有机氮库中的重要组成成分尿素和氨基酸均能显著促进4种海洋微藻的生长;相比较而言,赤潮异弯藻和凯伦藻更加喜好有机氮氨基酸,而球形棕囊藻和角毛藻更加喜好尿素。海洋微藻具备利用有机氮源的能力,无疑扩展了其氮营养来源,在无机氮缺乏而有机氮丰富的水体中,它们在浮游植物群落中更具有竞争优势。     

春季黄渤海海水中尿素分布特征及溶解态氮的组成

2014年4~5月对黄渤海海域进行了一次大面现场调查,分别采用二乙酰一肟-盐酸氨基脲法和分光光度法测定了调查水样中尿素及各形态氮的浓度,分析了该海域尿素的浓度状况、分布特征以及溶解态氮的基本组成,并分析了该海域尿素的主要影响因素.结果表明,春季黄海渤海海域尿素的浓度范围是0.21~2.17μmol·L-1,平均浓度为(0.84±0.20)μmol·L-1.各调查海区中,北黄海海域尿素平均浓度最高,南黄海浓度最低.同时结果表明尿素是调查海域中溶解有机氮(DON)的重要组成部分,占DON的7.90%.在黄海海域尿素浓度由近岸到远海逐渐降低,高值区主要位于大连、青岛等人口密度较高且离岸较近城市的外海海域.渤海海域尿素浓度呈现由近岸到远海依次增加的趋势,说明河流输入不是渤海尿素的主要来源,同时也可能存在着河口附近泥沙对有机氮的吸附作用.     

以干吸着剂喷射法同时脱除SO2和NO的实验研究

炉膛吸着制度射（ＦＳＩ）与选择性非催化还原（ＳＮＣＲ）相结合同时脱除ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ，在夹带流反应器中进行实验研究。在８００－１２００℃下喷射石灰石／尿素吸着剂或石灰石／铵盐吸着剂能同时脱除ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ。石灰石／尿素吸着剂表现出最高的脱硫脱硝能力，当Ｃａ／Ｓ＝２和Ｎ／ＮＯ＝２时，其ＳＯ＿２和ＮＯ脱除率分别能达到９０％和８０％。主要的ＮＯ脱除是ＮＨ＿３与ＮＯ反应生成Ｎ＿２所致，少量的ＮＯ脱除率（１０％）是在ＣａＳＯ＿４的催化下，ＣａＯ与ＮＯ反应生成Ｃａ（ＮＯ＿２）＿２的结果。本文还考察了反应温度和时间对脱硫脱硝反应速度的影响。     

Nickel phosphide on Ni foam as anode and peroxymonosulfate as the chemical oxidizer for effective direct urea fuel cell

The direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) is a low cost and competitive approach for contemporaneous urine or urea-contaminated wastewater treatment and electricity generation. However, the lack of efficient urea oxidation reaction (UOR) electrocatalysts and suitable electron acceptors remains a challenge for practical applications. Here, we developed a DUFC system using Ni₂[email protected] foam as the anode and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as the chemical oxidizers. The Ni₂[email protected] foam anode showed a high oxidation activity for UOR with an onset potential of 0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl and Tafel slope of 34.4 mV/dec. PMS with high theoretical potential improved the cell voltage to 1.43 V. A power density of DUFC up to 4.91 mW/cm² was achieved using PMS at room temperature, which was approximately twice as high as using H₂O₂ (2.38 mW/cm²). Ni^II/Ni^III was the redox active species on the Ni₂P anode in the DUFC process, and Ni^II was electrochemically oxidized to Ni^III, which reverted to Ni^II by urea reduction. When real human urine was used as the fuel, a power density of 4.46 mW/cm² can be achieved at room temperature. This DUFC with high cell performance showed potential application in urea wastewater treatment.     

控释肥对稻田CH4排放的影响

采用静态箱法研究了控释肥料和常规肥料处理对赤红壤稻田CH4排放的影响.结果表明①在水稻生长期间,相比对照(CK),不同肥料处理均促进了稻田CH4日排放,其影响顺序为Crf≥Scotts>Urea≥Com>CK;②在移栽后75d和90d时,各处理的水稻地上部干物质积累量与其CH4日排放通量间相关系数分别为0.8298和0.6539,均达极显著水平;③在水稻生殖生长期,各处理CH4阶段累积排放量占全生育期的32.60%~40.08%,其日排放通量在全生育期中居最高值,控制稻田CH4排放的最适时期应是水稻幼穗分化期;④相比复合肥,控释肥一次施用和尿素分次施用均显著地降低了全球增温潜势.图2表2参19     

灭幼脲（Ⅲ）在甲醇中的光解作用

本文研究了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光解作用。以氮气和氧气作饱和气体时,灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应均表现为一级动力学形式,其速率常数分别为0.118h~(-1)和0.129h~(-1);当光强为0.50和0.62cal/cm~2·min时,其半衰期分别为5.37和4.42h;灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中光解的主要产物包括:邻氯苯甲酰胺,N-苯基氨基甲酸甲酯,N-(对氯苯基)氨基甲酸甲酯以及对氯苯基脲等。本文还对灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应机理作了初步探讨。     

Ammonia volatilization losses and 15N balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and ^15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4^＋-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. ^15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.     

Apparent segregation of null alleles ascribed to deletions of the ornithine transcarbamylase gene in congenital hyperammonaemia

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an X-linked disorder of the urea cycle mapped to chromosome Xp21.1. Here, we show that apparent segregation of null alleles at the OTC locus and flanking polymorphic loci mimicked false maternity or false paternity in three affected families. Based on these observations, we suggest giving consideration to gene deletion when dealing with segregation of null alleles in OTC deficiency.     

尿素水溶液吸收SO2的机理研究

通过对尿素水溶液吸收SO2能力的机理研究发现,尿素水溶液在常温下（〈60℃）对SO2的吸收主要是物理吸收,而化学吸收受到尿素水解速率的控制,达到平衡后,其吸收效率在20％左右。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.