传统北京烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征

烤鸭是具有北京特色的传统美食之一,制作过程采用果木炭火烤制方式,与其它食物烹饪过程存在明显的差异,国内还未对这类餐饮源的排放特征进行过系统研究,为掌握这类餐饮源排放特征,从而为污染控制提供技术依据,选取北京市具有代表性的烤鸭店,研究了其烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征.结果表明,传统烤鸭烤制过程中排放的油烟、颗粒物、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和醛酮类化合物的基准排放浓度分别为(0.74±0.45)、(15.32±7.93)、(7.60±3.41)和(1.22±0.59)mg·m~(-3);颗粒物排放浓度要远高于油烟排放浓度,VOCs组分构成相对复杂,既包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等VOCs也包括醛酮类、醇类、酯类等含氧VOCs和卤代烃,其中3-甲基呋喃、乙醇和乙酸甲酯的浓度最高;醛酮类化合物的主要组分有乙醛、甲醛和丙烯醛等,其中C1~C3物质占72.27%.     

Impact of microbial communities from tropical soils on the mobilization of trace metals during dissolution of cinnabar ore

Biodissolution experiments on cinnabar ore(mercury sulphide and other sulphide minerals,such as pyrite) were performed with microorganisms extracted directly from soil. These experiments were carried out in closed systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 2 different soils sampled in French Guyana. The two main objectives of this study were(1) to quantify the ability of microorganisms to mobilize metals(Fe, Al, Hg) during the dissolution of cinnabar ore, and(2) to identify the links between the type and chemical properties of soils, environmental parameters such as season and the strategies developed by indigenous microorganisms extracted from tropical natural soils to mobilize metals.Results indicate that microbial communities extracted directly from various soils are able to(1) survive in the presence of cinnabar ore, as indicated by consumption of carbon sources and,(2) leach Hg from cinnabar in oxic and anoxic dissolution experiments via the acidification of the medium and the production of low molecular mass organic acids(LMMOAs). The dissolution rate of cinnabar in aerobic conditions with microbial communities ranged from 4.8 × 10~(-4) to 2.6 × 10~(-3) μmol/m~2/day and was independent of the metabolites released by the microorganisms. In addition, these results suggest an indirect action by the microorganisms in the cinnabar dissolution. Additionally, because iron is a key element in the dynamics of Hg, microbes were stimulated by the presence of this metal,and microbes released LMMOAs that leached iron from iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and oxy-hydroxide of iron, in the mixed cinnabar ore.     

Simulated reaction of formaldehyde and ambient atmospheric particulate matter using a chamber

The reaction of HCHO with Beijing winter's real ambient particulate matter(PM) inside a 3.3 m~3 Teflon Chamber was conducted in this study. NO_2, O_3 and H_2O gases were removed from the ambient aerosol before entering into the chamber. The decays of HCHO were monitored(acetylacetone spectrophotometry method) during the reactions at different PM number concentrations(N_a) and relative humidities(RHs), and the formed particulate formate was detected by IC and XPS techniques. The results showed that when RH was10%–15%, the decay rate of HCHO in the chamber was higher with the existence of PM from relatively clean days(with number concentration(N_a) 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm)compared to dirty days(N_a 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm). When RH increased to 30%–45%, PM can hardly have significant influences on the decay of HCHO. The formations of formate on the reacted PM were consistent with the HCHO decay rates at different ambient PM N_aand RH conditions. This is a first study related to the "real" ambient PM reacted with HCHO and suggested that in the clean and low RH days, PM could be an effective medium for the conversion of HCHO to formate.     

重庆市夏秋季VOCs对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs（挥发性有机物）对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $（TVOCs）（总挥发性有机物）分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃（35.2%）和烯炔烃（25.2%）为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物（oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs）（30.6%）和烷烃（26.0%）为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs（臭氧生成潜势）分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O₃的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成.      

覆盖金属氧化物对湖泊沉积物溶解性有机质特征的影响

为揭示不同金属氧化物对湖泊沉积物DOM（溶解性有机质）影响机制,通过室内模拟试验,在沉积物表层分别覆盖Fe、Al、Mn氧化物及湖沙后培养1 a,并利用三维荧光和紫外光谱方法进行表征.结果表明:① 覆盖Al、Fe、Mn氧化物和湖沙主要降低了0~3 cm沉积物的w（DOC）,降幅分别为8.61%、6.27%、22.38%和0.44%. ② 沉积物中DOM的类络氨酸峰（peak B₁）和类色氨酸峰（peak T₂）均产生较大变化.其中三种氧化物均显著降低了上层沉积物中DOM的peak T₂,使底层DOM的peakT₂显著增加. Mn氧化物使DOM的peak B₁降低,Fe和Al氧化物使DOM的peak B₁增加,湖沙则使两类峰均降低. ③ 覆盖金属氧化物改变了沉积物DOM结构特征,其中覆盖Fe氧化物增强了其芳香性,而覆盖Mn氧化物和Al氧化却降低其芳香性,但三者均使DOM腐质化程度及官能团数量增加,并使FI（Fluorescence Index,荧光指数）增大,表明DOM向生物源转化.研究显示,沉积物表层覆盖金属氧化物影响了沉积物中DOM迁移和转化,并促进了其降解,导致其分子量和腐殖化程度增加.      

浸没燃烧技术处理高浓度有机废水研究

针对现阶段高浓度有机废水处理困难的问题,提出了一种基于浸没燃烧技术的处理方法,设计制作了1台浸没燃烧装置,并开展了高浓度有机废水浸没燃烧实验研究,探究了过量空气系数、二次风量、燃烧温度等参数对燃烧尾气中CO、NOx排放的影响,以及浸没深度、燃烧温度对高浓度有机废水COD去除的影响。实验结果表明:该工艺对高浓度有机废水中的有机物去除效果明显,温度在900℃以上,浸没深度达到20 cm时,COD去除率可达90%以上。该方法可作为废水处理设备,与生物法等处理技术联用,应用前景广阔。     

进水有机负荷对三级生物滴滤池脱氮除磷的影响

试验采用三级(好氧/兼氧/好氧)多层组合填料生物滴滤池处理模拟生活污水,探索强化脱氮除磷工艺。考察了在相同水力负荷和布水周期下,改变进水有机负荷对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP去除率的影响,并用扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)对填料进行辅助分析。研究结果表明,三级串联生物滴滤池的组合相比传统的单级或两级生物滴滤池反应器处理效果更好。第1级和第2级生物滴滤池去除COD、NH_4~+-N和TN效果较好,贡献率合计分别为93.0%、91.2%和91.4%。第1级和第3级生物滴滤池除磷效果较好,贡献率合计91.4%。有机负荷为0.328~0.392 kg/(m~3·d)时,系统总体去除效果最好。     

Effects of Cu2+ and humic acids on degradation and fate of TBBPA in pure culture of Pseudomonas sp. strain CDT

Soil contamination with tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) has caused great concerns;however, the presence of heavy metals and soil organic matter on the biodegradation of TBBPA is still unclear. We isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain CDT, a TBBPA-degrading bacterium, from activated sludge and incubated it with ~(14)C-labeled TBBPA for 87 days in the absence and presence of Cu~(2+)and humic acids(HA). TBBPA was degraded to organic-solvent extractable(59.4% ± 2.2%) and non-extractable(25.1% ± 1.3%) metabolites,mineralized to CO_2(4.8% ± 0.8%), and assimilated into cells(10.6% ± 0.9%) at the end of incubation. When Cu~(2+)was present, the transformation of extractable metabolites into non-extractable metabolites and mineralization were inhibited, possibly due to the toxicity of Cu~(2+)to cells. HA significantly inhibited both dissipation and mineralization of TBBPA and altered the fate of TBBPA in the culture by formation of HA-bound residues that amounted to 22.1% ± 3.7% of the transformed TBBPA. The inhibition from HA was attributed to adsorption of TBBPA and formation of bound residues with HA via reaction of reactive metabolites with HA molecules, which decreased bioavailability of TBBPA and metabolites in the culture. When Cu~(2+)and HA were both present, Cu~(2+)significantly promoted the HA inhibition on TBBPA dissipation but not on metabolite degradation. The results provide insights into individual and interactive effects of Cu~(2+)and soil organic matter on the biotransformation of TBBPA and indicate that soil organic matter plays an essential role in determining the fate of organic pollutants in soil and mitigating heavy metal toxicity.     

Bioavailability of wastewater derived dissolved organic nitrogen to green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Chlorella vulgaris with/without presence of bacteria

Effluent dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is problematic in nutrient sensitive surface waters and needs to be reduced to meet demanding total dissolved nitrogen discharge limits. Bioavailable DON (ABDON) is a portion of DON utilized by algae or algae + bacteria,while biodegradable DON (BDON) is a portion of DON decomposable by bacteria. ABDON and BDON in a two-stage trickling filter (TF) wastewater treatment plant was evaluated using three different microalgal species, Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris and mixed cultured bacteria. Results showed that up to 80% of DON was bioavailable to algae or algae + bacteria inoculum while up to 60% of DON was biodegradable in all the samples. Results showed that C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris can be used as a test species the same as S. capricornutum since there were no significant differences among these three algae species based on their ability to remove nitrogen species.     

滴定分析法在土壤胡敏酸研究中的应用

胡敏酸是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,是研究土壤有机质物理化学性质的重要环节之一。本文综述了国内外在土壤胡敏酸研究中所采用的各种分析方法,详细论述了滴定分析方法在土壤胡敏酸官能团测定、土壤胡敏酸带电性质测定以及胡敏酸与金属相互作用研究中的应用,并使用滴定分析法测定了贵州喀斯特地区石灰土胡敏酸中酸性官能团及其与Ca2+形成络合物的稳定系数。通过总结对比滴定分析法在研究胡敏酸方面的应用,本文认为现代滴定分析法在表征土壤胡敏酸物化特性和研究土壤胡敏酸演化规律等方面具有广泛应用前景。