沈阳市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征

2008年4月～2009年7月间,选取沈阳市不同功能区5个监测点位,采集了4个不同季节的大气VOCs样品187个,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法测定了108种大气VOCs物质,考察了沈阳市大气VOCs浓度水平及其时空分布情况,并对其主要的来源进行识别. 结果表明,沈阳市大气总VOCs平均质量浓度为(371.0±132.4)μg/m³,其中含量最高的组分为含氧化合物（57.2%）,其次为卤代烃（20%）,烷烃（11.4%）、芳香烃（8.5%）和烯烃（3.0%）. 全市大气总VOCs浓度呈现出春秋浓度较高,冬夏浓度较低的季节变化特征. 主要受工业排放源的影响,商业中心点大气VOCs浓度在冬季的08:00～10:00时段、 12:00～16:00时段和20:00～22:00时段均出现峰值,而夏季则呈现出10:00～12:00时段和18:00～20:00时段的双峰现象. 工业区点位和商业中心区点位浓度高于其它功能区点位,清洁对照点周围由于没有明显的大气VOCs排放源,浓度水平最低. 相关性和比值分析结果表明,机动车燃烧、煤炭生物质燃烧、汽油溶剂挥发和工艺过程是沈阳市大气VOCs的主要来源.     

Heavy-metal contents in suspended solids of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and its environmental significances

Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of AI, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%-30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.     

镇江城市降雨径流营养盐污染特征研究

城市降雨径流污染是城市水体水质恶化的主要原因之一,为了分析降雨径流的污染特征,从2006-05开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用功能对其降雨径流水质进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征.结果表明,镇江不同功能区中5～40 μm粒径的固体悬浮物体积分数最大;商业区径流污染物浓度很高,其中SS浓度高达978 mg/L,是城市面源污染的主要来源;降雨初期的30 min径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定;溶解态氮、颗粒态磷和固体悬浮物是径流中污染物输出的主要形态;通过分析固体悬浮物与其他污染物的相关性,发现固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的载体,去除固体悬浮物是治理镇江降雨径流污染的有效途径.     

Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model

Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO_x),volatile organic compounds (VOCs),and solar radiation.In an urban environment,ground-level vehicular exhaust is the major anthropogenic source of ozone precursors.In the cases of street canyons,pollutant dilution is weakened by the surrounding buildings that creates localized high concentration of NO_x and VOCs,and thus leads to high potential of ozone formation.By considering the major physical and chemica...     

Variability of Water Column Transparency, Volume Flow and Suspended Solids Near San Diego Sewage Outfall (California): 15 Years of Data

The spatial and temporal variability of transparency measured for 15 years at 7 stations near the San Diego sewage outfall has been investigated and compared to the temporal variability of sewage suspended solid discharge and flow rate. the purpose of the time-series analyses was to distinguish natural from human (sewage discharge) causes of temporal changes in transparency. the results show that: 1) variations in transparency are highly correlated over the entire area, but there is a gradient in means and variability in the direction perpendicular to the coast; 2) there are no long term trends for increase or decrease in the water clarity at any of the stations; 3) most of the variance of transparency is contained in the seasonal frequency band; 4) over the same time period sewage discharge has significantly increased and suspended solids decreased; 5) most of the variance of these human-caused properties is in the interannual frequency band; (6) there is no correlation at any time-lag between water clarity and suspended solid discharge or flow. These results lead to the conclusion that these anthropogenic properties are not affecting transparency, while natural factors such as seasonality and distance from coast do.     

固体可燃物易点燃性标准的探讨

可燃性固体的引燃和熄灭与辐射到其表面的临界热能量和产生挥发分所必需的表面温度有关。探讨固体可燃物易点燃性标准,燃怀标准,对防火和灭火在理论上有一定的指导意义。本文在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种用固体挥发分的临界质量通量量化解释引燃和熄灭条件的方法,给出了易点燃性的标准。     

西太平洋添加营养盐培养实验中挥发性卤代烃含量动态变化

于2018年10月9日~11月1日采集西太平洋表层海水，通过营养盐添加船基培养实验，研究了不同营养盐条件下浮游植物的生长及其释放挥发性卤代烃（VHCs）含量的动态变化规律.结果表明，与对照组相比，氮磷营养盐的添加对叶绿素a（Chl-a）的含量和三氯乙烯（C₂HCl₃），四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄），一氯二溴甲烷（CHBr₂Cl），三溴甲烷（CHBr₃）的释放量表现出显著促进作用，但促进程度与添加氮磷营养盐的浓度及比值密切相关.高浓度氮更有利于浮游植物的生长及C₂HCl₃和C₂Cl₄的释放.N/P比符合Redfield比值更有利于CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃的释放.相比NO₃^--N，NH₄⁺-N的添加更有利于4种VHCs释放.     

混凝剂的不同应用及控制条件

本文列举了４个工程实例，说明了混凝剂的不同用途及控制条件。指出了水处理中，依据不同的机理，合理选择凝剂及组织全混的重要性，同时确定对应的ＰＨ值关系的重要性。     

反相气相色谱法研究CPC-膨润土对VOCs的吸附作用

运用反相气相色谱法研究了20种VOCs在CPC-膨润土上的吸附平衡及吸附热．结果表明，CPC-膨润土对VOCs的吸附有较强选择性，吸附能力与有机物的分子量、分子结构、饱和蒸气压等物理化学性质有关，对苯系物和分子量较大的酯类和酮类等吸附能力较强．温度较低时，CPC-膨润土对VOCs的吸附能力较强，吸附热较大；吸附热与VOCs的沸点蒸发热相当，但比活性炭等常规吸附剂对VOCs的吸附热小。     

连续流动分析仪法快速测定水中挥发酚的研究

通过连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚并与传统手工比色法进行一系列的对比实验研究，结果表明连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚具有高灵敏度、高精密度、高准确度、分析速度快、不使用大量有机试剂的特点，并且在实际环境样品的分析中也得到了满意的测定结果，能满足大批量的环境样品的快速分析。