RUNOFF EVENT IMPACTS ON A WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR: SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADING, TURBID PLUME BEHAVIOR, AND SEDIMENT DEPOSITION1

Abstract: The impacts of runoff events on external suspended solids loading to Schoharie Reservoir, New York, and patterns of light scattering and sediment deposition in this reservoir are assessed. The assessment is based on monitoring of suspended solids concentrations in the reservoir's primary tributary, detailed vertical profiles of optical backscattering (a surrogate measure of light scattering) in the reservoir water column, and analysis of sediment trap collections, over a seven-month interval of high runoff. These impacts are reported to be tightly temporally coupled and strongly positively related to the magnitude of runoff events. The primary tributary entered the reservoir as a plunging inflow during runoff events, causing conspicuous subsurface peaks in light scattering, with vertical patterns that varied strongly for different events. Deposition quantified by near-bottom trap deployments is reported to be more representative than results from metalimnetic deployments that were generally within, rather than below, the turbid layers. Direct inputs of sediment, transported by density currents, are found to drive deposition, rather than resuspension/redeposition. More than 50 percent of the reported deposition occurred in less than 15 percent of the study period, associated with the four largest runoff events.     

Evaluation of Mass-Transfer Coefficient of Free Fall – Cascade-Aerator

The mass-transfer coefficient of a free-fall cascade-aeratorunit of 15 million litres per day was evaluated for its efficiency in the removal of a class of volatile organics, the trihalomethanes(THMs). These compounds are carcinogenic and occur as a resultof chlorination of natural waters. Due to the volatile nature ofthe THMs, the efficiency of aeration as a potential techniquefor their removal has been studied. The principle behindaeration is gas-transfer, according to which the gas-liquidinterface is hypothesized to consist of a gas and liquid filmthrough which gas is transferred by molecular diffusion untilequilibrium is attained. The overall mass transfer coefficient(K _L) of the aerator considering oxygen as the reference compound, was found to be29.3 hr^-1 for THMs.     

Volatile sesquiterpenes from Stachybotrys chartarum: Indicators for trichothecene producing mold species?

Trichodiene, a volatile sesquiterpene which is structurally related to trichothecene mycotoxins, has been identified in the headspace of growing Stachybotrys chartarum by GC/MS. It is possible that volatile sesquiterpene patterns can be used to characterize S. chartarum and related mold isolates as trichothecene producers, thus providing clear criteria for decisions concerning the occupancy and renovation of contaminated buildings.     

四川省餐饮源挥发性有机物组分特征和清单

选取四川省12家典型餐饮单位开展了NMHCs浓度和VOCs组分监测,结合已有数据,综合建立了含117种VOCs组分的餐饮源组分谱,获得本地化NMHCs排放因子,基于自下而上的研究方法,建立了四川省餐饮源挥发性有机物排放清单.结果表明,含氧和烷烃两类组分为川菜、烧烤和食堂餐饮的最主要的组分,二者合计质量分数在75%以上,主要VOCs物种为乙醇、甲醛、乙烷、己醛、乙烯、 1,3-丁二烯和丙烯醛等;含氧组分对OFP的贡献最大,其次是烯烃,主要OFP贡献物种为甲醛、乙烯、乙醇、 1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛和己醛等. 2019年四川省餐饮源VOCs排放量和OFP值分别为32 kt和141 kt,分别占四川省人为源VOCs排放量和OFP值的5%左右,餐饮源对臭氧生成可能有重要贡献,应加大餐饮源挥发性有机物管控力度.     

微氧水解酸化工艺处理高浓度抗生素废水

试验研究了高浓度难生物降解抗生素废水微氧水解酸化效果.结果表明,微氧环境提高了兼性水解酸化菌的生理代谢功能,曝气搅拌改善了水力条件,在最短HRT为10h ,最大OLR为20kg/(m³·d)条件下,酸化率为58.64%,出水VFA为4825mg/L ,极大地改善了废水的生物降解性能,BOD₅/COD升高了17%左右,为后续好氧生物处理提供了良好的基质准备.在进水水质波动较大的情况下,出水水质相对稳定,出水COD和SS浓度分别为7000～8000mg/L和150～300mg/L ,COD和SS去除率分别为15%～30%和90%～95%.出水VFA的变化滞后于酸化率的变化,酸化率能更好地表征水解酸化系统的效果.反应器底部的污泥床层是VFA生成的主要反应区,随着OLR的升高,达到稳定VFA浓度的反应器高度逐渐增加.填料区功能主要在于截留出水中的SS.污泥以粒径为0.5～1.0mm之间的小颗粒污泥和絮状污泥为主.     

青岛环境大气和海洋表层水中挥发性硫化物的测定

建立了采用预浓缩和GC FPD测定环境大气和海洋表层水中挥发性硫化物(COS、DMS和CS2)的方法.该方法对气态COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(95±4)%,(86±3)%和(91±6)%(n=5),精密度分别为4 75%,8 26%和7 55%(n=5).对水体中COS、DMS和CS2的回收率分别为(86±8)%,(80±6)%和(97±12)%(n=5),精密度分别为8 17%,5 59%和11 70%.COS、DMS和CS2检出限分别为33pg,387pg和22pg.采用该方法测定了青岛近岸海域大气和表层海水中COS、DMS和CS2的浓度.结果表明,COS是近岸海域大气中主要挥发性硫化物,DMS是表层海水中最主要的挥发性硫化物.3种挥发性硫化物的浓度有明显的季节差异,夏季浓度远高于冬季浓度.     

含硫酸盐高浓度有机废水酸化规律研究

以糖蜜酒精废液为材料,通过梯度稀释和序批式酸化实验,研究了含硫酸盐高浓度有机废水的一般酸化规律.结果表明,糖质废水酸化的挥发酸(VFA)组分以乙酸和丁酸为主要形式;VFA对硫酸盐还原的完全抑制浓度介于23553～35241mg/L(以COD计)之间;VFA对产酸过程的反馈抑制浓度介于35241～37109mg/L之间;不同稀释度废水酸化后的可生化性提高幅度平均为10%.     

淄博市涂装行业VOCs排放水平及减排潜力

为了评估淄博市涂装行业的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放水平和减排潜力,对3个具有代表性的涂装行业：汽车制造涂装行业、木制家具涂装行业和金属表面涂装行业的8个典型企业展开实地调研;在此基础上采用实测法、物料衡算法和排放因子法核算企业的VOCs排放量,建立本地化排放因子,并与包括AP-42在内的国内外其他研究进行对比,评估企业排放水平;基于物料衡算法核算减排潜力;并采用显著性差异分析法研究各环节管控的影响程度.结果表明,淄博市汽车制造行业VOCs的排放因子为4.38 kg ·辆^-1,木制家具涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为212.52 g ·kg^-1,金属表面涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为42.79 g ·kg^-1;家具企业C的源头减排潜力及金属G和F的过程减排潜力能够达到50%以上;各环节管控的影响程度从高到低依次为：源头>过程>末端.     

基于高分辨率在线测量的轻型汽油车含氧挥发性有机物排放模型构建

机动车排放的含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)具有较高的大气反应活性,但在线测量识别其高分辨率排放特征的研究仍处于起步阶段,缺乏计算和预测OVOCs排放特征的模型工具.本研究利用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)与离子/分子反应质谱仪(IMR-MS),在简易瞬态测试工况下对轻型汽油车排放甲醛、丙酮和乙醇等8种OVOCs组分进行了在线测量.结果表明,OVOCs组分受工况变化影响显著,国Ⅰ～国Ⅴ车辆排放过程中OVOCs排放峰值相对于怠速阶段的增幅分别为183％、105％、56％、92％和244％,同时随着排放标准从国Ⅰ升级到国Ⅴ,含量较高且作为特征组分的甲醛、丙酮和甲醇排放量的降幅分别为90.9％、93.3％和93.7％,但乙醇排放相对稳定.国Ⅰ～国V排放标准下轻型汽油车8种OVOCs总量排放因子分别为12.5、10.2、5.4、4.2和1.6 mg-km-1,总体减排幅度87％.本研究发现OVOCs排放率与比功率(VSP),排放因子与修正碳燃烧效率(MCE)密切相关,将不同排放标准车辆的VSP与排放率和MCE与基于里程的排放因子(EFs)进行拟合,分别建立了一阶线性函数关系.提出了修正碳燃烧损失率(MCL)这一概念,并得到简化的MCL与排放因子的正比例函数关系,从而阐明了OVOCs排放因子的决定性因素.基于VSP和MCL建立的OVOCs排放模型可以计算和预测轻型汽油车在不同热运行状态下的排放率和排放因子,从而为准确评估OVOCs排放贡献和建立排放源清单提供有效工具.     

南京毒性挥发性有机化合物夏冬季源解析及健康风险评估

本研究于2018年夏季和冬季,在南京使用吸附浓缩在线监测系统(AC-GCMS 1000)对大气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行测量,估算其所造成的健康风险并解析VOCs所造成致癌与非致癌风险的污染来源.结果表明,采样期间南京市冬季φ(总VOCs)为105.7×10-9,为夏季(34.5×10-9)的3.1倍,以烷烃为主要物种.在健康风险方面,冬季毒性VOCs所造成的非致癌风险及致癌风险值分别为9.43和1.0×10-4,是夏季非致癌(5.58)与致癌风险(2.69×10-5)的1.7和3.8倍,而丙烯醛和1,2-二氯乙烷是非致癌与致癌风险的主要物种.最后,利用PMF模型解析5个VOCs的污染来源,分别是有机涂料溶剂源、生物质燃烧源、车辆排放源、石油化工源和溶剂源2.车辆排放源是造成致癌风险的最大来源(夏季28.2％和冬季48.0％).因此,建议有针对性地控制毒性VOCs及车辆尾气的排放,以减小可能对公众健康产生的危害.