滨州市大气VOCs污染现状及防控措施分析

利用挥发性有机物(VOCs)手工监测和走航监测技术,分析了滨州市城区、各县(市、区)涉VOCs工业园区的VOCs排放情况.结果表明,城区大气VOCs各组分的体积分数差异较为明显,烷烃类占比最高,其次是挥发性含氧有机物和芳香烃.排名前3的组分为异戊烷、正丁烷、丙烷,主要来自以液化石油气为燃料的车辆排放.各县(市、区)不同...     

医疗废弃物焚烧挥发性氯含量与热值测试与估算

通过测定上海某医疗废弃物处置公司设定燃烧工况条件下某时间段内烟气中HC l的平均排放速率,估算出上海地区医疗垃圾废物中的可燃烧转化氯含量在2.33%~2.64%左右;通过测定各较小采样时间段(2 m in)的烟气HC l浓度测定发现批次进料造成烟气中HC l浓度近4倍的波动,通过初步的热平衡估算得到医疗废弃物的热值大致在21.8 M J/kg,得到的结果可为我国医疗废弃物的焚烧工艺设计提供基础依据。     

Evaluation of the Temporal Transferability of a Model Describing Dissolved Solids in Streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin1

Kenney, Terry A. and Susan G. Buto, 2012. Evaluation of the Temporal Transferability of a Model Describing Dissolved Solids in Streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1041‐1053. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00667.x Abstract: The application of a nonlinear least‐squares regression model describing the sources and transport of dissolved solids in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin, and that was calibrated using data from water year 1991, was evaluated for use in predicting annual dissolved‐solids loads for the years 1974 through 1998. Simulations for each water year were run using annual climate data. To evaluate how well the model captures the observed annual variability across the basin, differences in predicted annual dissolved‐solids loads for each simulated year and 1991 were compared with differences in monitored annual loads. The temporal trend of the differences between predicted annual loads for the simulated years and the load for 1991 generally followed the trend of the monitored loads. The model appears to underpredict the largest annual loads and overpredict some of the smaller annual loads. An underprediction bias for wetter years was evident in the residuals as was an overprediction bias, to a lesser degree, for drier years. A regression analysis on the residuals suggests that the underprediction bias is associated with precipitation differences from 1991 and with previously defined downward trends in dissolved‐solids concentrations in the basin. In general, given the representative climatic conditions, the model adequately performs throughout the period examined. However, the model is most transferable to years with climatic conditions similar to 1991.     

Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis

The present study proposes an image analysis methodology for the identification of different types of disturbances in wastewater treatment activated sludge systems. Up to date, most reported image analysis methodologies have been used in activated sludge processes with the aim of filamentous bulking detection, however, other disturbances could be foreseen in wastewater treatment plants. Such disturbances can lead to fluctuations in the biomass contents, affecting the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and in the sludge settling ability, affecting the sludge volume index (SVI). Therefore, this work focuses on predicting the MLSS and SVI parameters for different types of disturbances affecting an activated sludge system. Four experiments were conducted simulating filamentous bulking, zoogleal or viscous bulking, pinpoint floc formation, and normal operating conditions. Alongside the MLSS and SVI determination, the aggregated and filamentous biomass contents and morphology were studied as well as the biomass Gram and viability status, by means of image analysis.     

二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备及对苯的降解性能

研究了光催化降解挥发性有机化合物过程中催化剂二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备以及该催化剂对苯的光催化性能。首先采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米复合材料二氧化钛/碳纳米管,然后利用壳聚糖作为交联剂,制得二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖复合材料催化薄膜。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)透射电镜扫描(TEM)和紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis)等技术分析了复合材料薄膜的组成、结构、形貌和对光的吸收性能,然后使用该催化剂对室内常见的污染物苯进行降解,并在同样的实验条件下,使用催化剂二氧化钛(P25)/壳聚糖对苯进行降解,对两者催化性能进行对比,结果表明,二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖对苯有更强的吸附能力和更高的催化活性。     

高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水的预处理

采用二次缩合反应预处理高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水。一次反应的最佳工艺条件为：甲醛加入量0.010 0 mL/mL,Ba（OH）2加入量0.005 g/mL,反应时间3 h,反应温度85 ℃。最佳工艺条件下的一次反应COD去除率为 52.9%。二次反应中,当反应温度为80 ℃、反应时间为3 h、尿素加入量为3 g/L时,二次反应COD去除率最高,为31.5%。COD=85 000 mg/L、ρ（挥发酚）= 12 000 mg/L、ρ（甲醛）=6 740 mg/L的废水经两次缩合反应处理后,出水中COD=27 400 mg/L,COD的总去除率为67.8%;ρ（挥发酚）=2 400 mg/L,挥发酚的总去除率达80.0%;ρ（甲醛）= 980 mg/L,甲醛的总去除率达84.9%。处理1 t废水还可回收酚醛树脂6.75 kg。     

Effects of a gradually increased load of fish waste silage in co-digestion with cow manure on methane production

This study examined the effects of an increased load of nitrogen-rich organic material on anaerobic digestion and methane production. Co-digestion of fish waste silage (FWS) and cow manure (CM) was studied in two parallel laboratory-scale (8 L effective volume) semi-continuous stirred tank reactors (designated R1 and R2). A reactor fed with CM only (R0) was used as control. The reactors were operated in the mesophilic range (37 °C) with a hydraulic retention time of 30 days, and the entire experiment lasted for 450 days. The rate of organic loading was raised by increasing the content of FWS in the feed stock. During the experiment, the amount (volume%) of FWS was increased stepwise in the following order: 3% – 6% – 13% – 16%, and 19%. Measurements of methane production, and analysis of volatile fatty acids, ammonium and pH in the effluents were carried out. The highest methane production from co-digestion of FWS and CM was 0.400 L CH4 gVS^?1, obtained during the period with loading of 16% FWS in R2. Compared to anaerobic digestion of CM only, the methane production was increased by 100% at most, when FWS was added to the feed stock. The biogas processes failed in R1 and R2 during the periods, with loadings of 16% and 19% FWS, respectively. In both reactors, the biogas processes failed due to overloading and accumulation of ammonia and volatile fatty acids.     

Effects of bulking agent addition on odorous compounds emissions during composting of OFMSW

The effects of rice straw addition level on odorous compounds emissions in a pilot-scale organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) composting plant were investigated. The cumulative odorous compounds emissions occurred in a descending order of 40.22, 28.71 and 27.83 mg/dry kg of OFMSW for piles with rice straw addition level at ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10 (mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW on a wet basis), respectively. The mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds emissions, which had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and ammonia emissions during composting, respectively. The cumulative emissions of malodorous sulfur compounds from piles with the increasing rice straw addition level were 1.17, 1.08 and 0.88 mg/dry kg of OFMSW, respectively. The optimal mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW was 1:5. Using this addition level, the cumulative malodorous sulfur compounds emissions based on the organic matter degradation were the lowest during composting of OFMSW.     

地下水曝气修复技术现场试验与应用研究进展

结合近年来国内外地下水曝气修复现场工程实践,对原位曝气的设计、操作和监测技术进行了全面的综述。对原位设计中的相关参数进行了整理分析,给出了合理取值范围,并探讨了不同场地条件下的应对方法。发展新的监测技术(如示踪技术、新型传感器等)能使曝气系统的工作性能得到更有效的监测,对于曝气修复工程现场监测新技术进行了系统的归纳和总结。此外,对现场曝气修复效果影响因素如污染物类型、曝气方式、曝气井数量、最大生物降解速率、土体孔隙率和含水层有机碳含量等进行了分析,以利于实际操作工艺的优化。最后对未来地下水曝气修复现场试验研究需开展的工作进行了展望。     

补料频率对牛粪料液酸化效果的影响

研究不同补料频率对牛粪水解酸化特性的影响,以牛粪为发酵原料,在发酵温度为中温(35±1)℃条件下,进行半连续产酸发酵实验,补料频率分别为12、24和36 h/次。结果表明,补料频率影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累速度,从快到慢顺序分别为24、36和12 h/次,24 h/次组在第7天挥发酸总量积累最大;在所做实验的补料频率内不影响发酵类型,各组的乙酸与丁酸之和的百分含量均在81%以上,属于丁酸型发酵;p H值6.2左右在丁酸发酵的适宜范围,因此,24 h/次组可以为产甲烷相提供适宜底物。