Prediction of the amount of urban waste solids by applying a gray theoretical model

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＵｒｂａｎｗａｓｔｅｓｏｌｉｄｓａｒｅｍｏｓｔｌｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌａｒｅａｓ ,ｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓｏｒｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｓ,ｍａｒｋｅｔｐｌａｃｅｓ,ｈｏｔｅｌｓ,ｒｅｓｔａｕｒａｎｔｓ,ｓｔｒｅｅｔｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌａｒｅａｓ.ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｌｌｏｖｅｒＣｈｉｎａ ,ｕｒｂａｎｗａｓｔｅｓｏｌｉｄｓａｒｅｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｒｕｃｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎ…     

饮用水中挥发酚测定的探讨与改进

对饮用水中挥发酚测定过程中的影响因素进行分析,主要从样品预处理、降低空白值、提高灵敏度和校准曲线的相关性等方面进行了详细的探讨:采用硫酸亚铁去除样品中的氧化剂、用氢氧化钠作为保存剂、处理好样品蒸馏过程的异常等有助于保证样品的回收率;使用无酚水和经氯仿萃取纯化的显色剂4-氨基安营比林(4-AAP),能有效降低方法空白值;准确的标准溶液和稳定的约2%4-AAP溶液可以保证和提高方法的灵敏度;密封性能良好的分液漏斗、试剂加入的正确顺序和操作都能提高校准曲线的相关系数.提出了需要注意的问题和改进方法.     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

饮用水中挥发酚测定的探讨与改进

对饮用水中挥发酚测定过程中的影响因素进行分析，主要从样品预处理、降低空白值、提高灵敏度和校准曲线的相关性等方面进行了详细的探讨：采用硫酸亚铁去除样品中的氧化剂、用氢氧化钠作为保存剂、处理好样品蒸馏过程的异常等有助于保证样品的回收率；使用无酚水和经氯仿萃取纯化的显色剂4-氨基安替比林（4-AAP），能有效降低方法空白值；准确的标准溶液和稳定的约2%4-AAP溶液可以保证和提高方法的灵敏度；密封性能良好的分液漏斗、试剂加入的正确顺序和操作都能提高校准曲线的相关系数。提出了需要注意的问题和改进方法。     

Remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with membrane separation techniques

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｖｏｌａｔｉｌｅｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ (ＶＯＣｓ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｖｅｍａｊｏｒｐｒｉｍａｒｙｇａｓｏｕｓｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ(ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｓ,ＳＯｘ ,ＮＯｘ ,ＶＯＣｓ,ＣＯ) ,ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈ 31ＶＯＣｓｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ,ａｃｒｏｌｅｉｎａｎｄａｌｉｐｈａｔｉｃ ,ａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈａｌｏｇｅｎａｔｅｄｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓａｒｅｌｉｓｔｅｄｉｎａｌｌ 1 2 9ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｂｙｔｈｅＥｎｖ…     

吹扫-捕集法在挥发性有机污染物分析中的应用

吹扫 -捕集法为 2 0世纪 70年代中期推出的痕量挥发性有机化合物的富集方法 ,它具有简便、灵敏度高、富集率高、快速、精密、准确、不使用有机溶剂等特点。 2 0多年以来 ,吹扫 -捕集器和GC、GC/MS等仪器联用测定环境中痕量挥发性有机污染物 ,已获得令人满意的结果 ,因而吹扫 -捕集法将在有机污染分析中得到日益广泛的应用     

Natural formation and degradation of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil--challenges to understanding

- DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2005.06.262 Goal, Scope and Background The anthropogenic environmental emissions of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines have been under scrutiny in recent years because the two compound groups are suspected to contribute to forest dieback and stratospheric ozone destruction, respectively. The two organochlorine groups are linked because the atmospheric photochemical oxidation of some volatile organochlorine compounds is one source of phytotoxic chloroacetic acids in the environment. Moreover, both groups are produced in higher amounts by natural chlorination of organic matter, e.g. by soil microorganisms, marine macroalgae and salt lake bacteria, and show similar metabolism pathways. Elucidating the origin and fate of these organohalogens is necessary to implement actions to counteract environmental problems caused by these compounds. Main Features While the anthropogenic sources of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines are relatively well-known and within human control, knowledge of relevant natural processes is scarce and fragmented. This article reviews current knowledge on natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soils, with particular emphasis on processes in the rhizosphere, and discusses future studies necessary to understand the role of forest soils in the formation and degradation of these compounds. Results and Discussion Reviewing the present knowledge of the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil has revealed gaps in knowledge regarding the actual mechanisms behind these processes. In particular, there remains insufficient quantification of reliable budgets and rates of formation and degradation of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil (both biotic and abiotic processes) to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems regarding the emission and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale. Conclusion It is concluded that the overall role of forest soil as a source and/or sink for chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines is still unclear; the available laboratory and field data reveal only bits of the puzzle. Detailed knowledge of the natural degradation and formation processes in forest soil is important to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems for the emission and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale. Recommendation and Perspective As the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil can be influenced by human activities, evaluation of the extent of this influence will help to identify what future actions are needed to reduce human influences and thus prevent further damage to the environment and to human health caused by these compounds.     

Mathematical modeling of biofiltration in activated pine-bark charge of a biofilter

Aim, Scope and Background Human economic activities cause emissions of various pollutants of an organic nature: butanol, butyl acetate, methanol, formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. These compounds are emitted to atmosphere by various enterprises of food, chemistry, wood processing industries, from transportation means, agricultural enterprises, etc. Therefore, when purifying air from these pollutants, it is necessary to apply efficient and inexpensive air purification methods. In this dimension, the biological air purification is chosen from all possible air cleaning methods. An experimental biofilter with the activated charge of pine bark was developed at the Department of Environment Protection of the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. In the course of the experimental investigation, it was determined that this air purification method is efficient. Filter efficiency, when purifying air of volatile organic compounds (butanol, butyl acetate and xylene), to a great extent, depending on the nature and concentrations (up to 100 mg/m3) of pollutants injected, might go up to 70-98%. The mathematical model of the biofilter was developed based on the research results and fully taking into consideration physical, chemical, and biological processes going on during its operations. Main Features The aim of this article is to determine biodegradation constant , absorption capacity , and half empiric expressions of filter efficiency. Knowing this, it is possible to find out the dependence of the filter efficiency on the operational parameters of the filter (i.e. on the concentrations and the height of biocharge of the initial pollutants (butanol, butyl acetate, xylene) fed through it). Conclusions With the help of mathematical modeling, the biodegradation constants and absorption capability of volatile organic compounds (butanol, butyl acetate, and xylene) fed into the biofilter charged with the activated pine bark and used for the cleaning of volatile organic compounds, as well as the efficiency of the biofilter in half empiric expression, have been established. It has been discovered that the constant of pollutant biodegradation is a value inverse to the time during which the amount of pollutants in the filter becomes times higher. It is rather complicated to carry out theoretical calculation of the biodegradation constant at a molecular level, therefore this constant has been established based on the results obtained in the course of research. The equations describing pollutant dynamics in the filter charge and the air cleaning processes going on in it have been derived from diffusion equations in a mobile medium. The modeling helped to find out the absorption capacity of the examined pollutants, which by its numeric value is equal to the volume unit of the absorbed gas amount. The latter factor, the same as the biodegradation constant, was determined basing on the experimental results. Mathematical modeling brought a range of formulas expressing dependences of each pollutant's efficiency on its initial concentrations and filter charge height. Recommendation /Outlook. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model has been developed which will allow the measuring of the filter efficiency not only with regard to the absorption and biodegradation of the pollutants under examination, but also with regard to other pollutants and their compounds, etc., having an impact on the filter performance. The results of the mathematical modeling have revealed that the modeling of processes going on in the filter is much simpler than isthe performance of long and costly experiments. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to measure the filter efficiency at the present moment.     

Stable chlorine intramolecular kinetic isotope effects from the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Identifying different sources and following reaction pathways of chlorinated organic contaminants in the environment can be challenging, especially when only their concentrations are available. Compound-specific stable chlorine measurements of some contaminants have recently been shown to provide additional information and an increased understanding of their biogeochemistry. These studies, however, have been generally limited to volatile molecules. OBJECTIVE: Here, the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the semi-volatile pesticide, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were investigated. Specifically, the intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic compositions of DDT and the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT to 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (DDE) were determined. METHODS: Selective chemical oxidation of DDT to dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) and analysis of each compound was used to calculate the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the alkyl and aromatic chlorines in DDT. To determine the KIE for dehydrochlorination, DDT was reacted in a basic solution to yield DDE at 52 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 72 degrees C for 3, 5, and 5 days, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Significant intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic differences were observed in one sample of DDT where the alkyl and aromatic delta 37Cl values were -5.76 +/- 0.45 and -2.21 +/- 0.24%@1000, respectively. Dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE in basic solutions at 52, 60, and 70 degrees C resulted in a substantial intramolecular KIE where the alkyl chlorines of DDE shifted by approximately 3%@1000 relative to the alkyl chlorines in DDT. However, no temperature dependence was observed. The KIE, calculated by an iterative program, was 1.009. CONCLUSIONS: Intramolecular differences in the stable chlorine isotope ratios were observed in DDT and this is the first such finding. Dehydrochlorination of DDT yields a measurable and distinct intramolecular stable chlorine KIE. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study demonstrate the existence of significant intramolecular differences in chlorinated organic compounds. Many other chlorinated semi-volatile and volatile organic contaminants are synthesized from multiple sources of chlorine, and we recommend that similar studies be performed on many such molecules in order to attain a clear understanding of their intramolecular chlorine isotopic differences. The existence of a measurable KIE for the dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE shows the potential strength of using isotopic measurements to investigate the biogeochemistry of these important compounds. For example, the isotopically depleted aqueous chloride produced by dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE may be a useful tracer of these reactions in freshwater environments.     

The effect of variability in industrial emissions on ozone formation in Houston, Texas

Ambient observations have indicated that high concentrations of ozone observed in the Houston/Galveston area are associated with plumes of highly reactive hydrocarbons, mixed with NO_x, from industrial facilities. Ambient observations and industrial process data, such as mass flow rates for industrial flares, indicate that the VOCs associated with these industrial emissions can have significant temporal variability. To characterize the effect of this variability in emissions on ozone formation in Houston, data were collected on the temporal variability of industrial emissions or emission surrogates (e.g., mass flow rates to flares). The observed emissions variability was then used to construct regionwide emission inventories with variable industrial emissions, and the impacts of the variability on ozone formation were examined for two types of meteorological conditions, both of which lead to high ozone concentrations in Houston. The air quality simulations indicate that variability in industrial emissions has the potential to cause increases and decreases of 10–52 ppb (13–316%), or more, in ozone concentration. The largest of these differences are restricted to regions of 10–20 km², but the variability also has the potential to increase regionwide maxima in ozone concentrations by up to 12 ppb.