Formation of organochlorine compounds in kraft pulp bleaching processes

The most abundant volatile organochlorine compounds (VOCCs), trichloroacetic and dichloroacetic acids and AOX, were determined in bleaching effluent and waste water from three kraft pulp mills during ClO₂ bleaching. 0.6–7.7 g of VOCCs per ton bleached pulp were formed, the most abundant being chloroform and dichloroacetic acid methyl ester. Most of the VOCCs were removed during treatment, and it was estimated that 2–30 t of VOCCs would be removed annually from activated sludge treatment plants in Finnish kraft pulp mills using elemental chlorine free bleaching, most likely by volatilization. Dichloroacetic acid was formed in considerably higher amounts than trichloroacetic acid, and both compounds were removed effectively during treatment. The formation of all organochlorine compounds decreased considerably when non-chlorinated bleaching was employed.     

Wind tunnel attraction of grapevine moth females, Lobesia Botrana, to natural and artificial grape odour

Summary. Host plant volatiles which attract insect herbivores for egg-laying are of principal interest with respect to insect ecology and evolution. Direct applications concern population monitoring and control through behavioural manipulation. Identification of behaviourally active plant secondary metabolites is essential also for plant breeding for insect resistance. Grapevine moth females Lobesia botrana are attracted by upwind flight to green grape berries Vitis vinifera. The headspace of grape berries was collected on air filters. A solvent extract of these filters, released from a sprayer, attracted females in the wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that volatile cues mediate attraction of grapevine moth females to grape berries, and that headspace collections capture the essence of this odour signal. The air filter extracts were examined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and the compounds eliciting a consistent antennal response in L. botrana females were identified by mass spectrometry. The headspace collection apparatus was calibrated for collection efficiency of the active compounds. Their recovery rate ranged from 35 % for methyl salicylate to 83 % for (E,E)-α-farnesene. A synthetic ten-component blend was then formulated. The blend consisted of compounds eliciting an antennal response, formulated in a blend ratio corrected for differences in collection efficiency. Subsequent wind tunnel tests showed that female attraction to this synthetic ten-component blend was not significantly different from attraction to grape berries, or to headspace collections of the same berries. At a release rate of 35 ng/h of the most abundant compound (E)-β-caryophyllene, 20 % of the test females approached the source of sprayed headspace collections and the ten-component synthetic blend, respectively. In comparison, 100 g of green berries, releasing the main compound (E)-β-caryophyllene at a rate of ca. 4.7 ng/h, attracted 10 % of the females by upwind flight followed by source contact.     

高温好氧消化污泥对生物除磷的强化作用初探

由于高温好氧消化(TAD)后的污泥中常含有一定浓度的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),为考察其对生物除磷系统的影响,通过将TAD污泥上清液与乙酸钠进行磷去除作用的对比试验。表明在厌氧条件下,加入TAD污泥的上清液,会使大量的P释放,磷释放规律及其释放速度均与乙酸钠造成的磷释放相当,因此,可以考虑将高温好氧消化污泥或上清液回流作为一种补充碳源,以强化生物除磷系统的除磷效果。但实际应用中,还要考虑到VFA降解以及回流污泥中的氮磷负荷,而且长期回流还需要进一步的试验验证。     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

广州典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及环境影响和健康风险评价

本文以广州市典型印刷企业为研究对象,通过对各排放环节的浓度和组分的全面统计和综合分析,深入探讨广州市该行业VOCs排放特征、环境影响及人体健康风险.结果表明,印前环节车间VOCs浓度为3.51~73.57mg/m³,印刷环节车间VOCs浓度为0.86~435.10mg/m³,印后环节车间VOCs浓度为0.05~221.93mg/m³,废气治理设施出口浓度为4.28~66.84mg/m³,处理效率为3.01%~54.90%;且VOCs物种以芳香烃类、醇醚类和酯类为主,平均臭氧生成潜势为111.09mg/m³,其中芳香烃类物质对环境影响贡献和人体健康风险较大,建议加强针对性控制.     

基于聚类分析的长治市夏季VOCs来源及活性

分析长治市夏季环境VOCs浓度及其反应活性（以OH·消耗速率计）,基于聚类分析与正定矩阵因子分解法 （PMF）解析VOCs来源.结果表明：长治市总VOCs平均浓度为37.40 μg/m³,平均活性水平为5.07s^-1,具有本地新鲜排放和反应后混合的特征.机动车排放、燃煤、液化石油气/天然气（LPG/ NG）使用、工艺过程和溶剂使用源对环境VOCs的贡献分别为29.7%、29.2%、23.5%、11.6%和6.1%;对具有新鲜排放特征VOCs的贡献分别为34.6%、38.4%、10.1%、8.5%和8.5%.长治市VOCs主要受本地机动车与燃煤源排放的影响,而LPG/ NG使用源与工艺过程源可通过区域传输影响本地环境VOCs.可见,有效控制本地机动车与燃煤源排放、加强市区周边LPG/NG使用与工艺过程源的联防联控,是降低长治市环境VOCs浓度与O₃生成的有效途径.     

北方常见绿化树种BVOCs排放特征及其与光合作用参数的相关性

为了解北方常见绿化树种植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)的排放特征及其与光合作用参数(净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s、胞间CO_2浓度c_i、蒸腾速率T_r)的相关性,本实验采用动态采样装置收集14种落叶乔木BVOCs排放数据.结果表明,不同科属间异戊二烯和总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率差异显著(P0.01).除金银木和榆树,其他绿化树种均释放异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯类物质,其中杨柳科(杂交杨‘546’、速生杨‘107’、小叶杨、垂柳)和豆科植物(国槐、刺槐、龙爪槐)排放异戊二烯较多,释放速率在(30.1±4.3)～(91.8±10.0)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间;木犀科(白蜡、丁香)、蔷薇科海棠、无患子科栾树和槭树科元宝枫主要排放单萜和倍半萜烯,其中白蜡和元宝枫单萜释放速率最高,分别为(10.6±4.8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)和(11.8±6.4)μg·(g·h)~(-1).罗勒烯和β-蒎烯是绿化树种排放的两种主要单萜物质.P_n和g_s与BVOCs释放速率之间无显著相关性,但杨柳科植物异戊二烯(r=0.681,P0.01)和总BVOCs(r=0.698,P0.01)释放速率与叶片T_r呈显著正相关,而豆科植物的总BVOCs释放速率与c_i呈显著正相关(P=0.04).本研究为城市绿化树种的筛选和配置提供科学参考,也为BVOCs释放机制的研究提供理论依据.     

基于实测的建筑类涂料挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量水平及组分特征

选取内墙涂料、外墙涂料、防水涂料、地坪涂料、防腐涂料5类建筑涂料为研究对象,通过对企业生产与市场销售的涂料抽检获取涂料样品,利用国内建筑涂料挥发性有机化合物标准检测方法,对其VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,内墙涂料与外墙涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于0~145 g·L~(-1)与0~171 g·L~(-1)之间,内墙面漆、内墙底漆、外墙面漆与外墙底漆符合HJ 2537-2014中VOCs含量限值的样品数分别占抽检样品总数的90%、80%、96%与94%,VOCs含量水平较低.90%以上聚合物水泥防水涂料与丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液防水涂料VOCs含量水平都小于10 g·L~(-1),聚氨酯防水涂料VOCs含量水平处于1~324 g·L~(-1)之间.溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平总体很高,溶剂型防腐涂料与溶剂型地坪涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于291~681 g·L~(-1)与16~580 g·L~(-1),不同成分与不同品牌溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平有很大差异.水性建筑涂料中VOCs物种占比最高的是1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇,其次是甲醇与2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇,不同品牌涂料使用的醇类物质种类与比例不同.溶剂型建筑涂料中VOCs物种主要包括甲苯、乙苯、间/邻/对二甲苯等芳香烃类,乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯与乙酸异丁酯等酯类.     

晋城市冬季环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征及来源解析

采集晋城市冬季环境空气样品,利用色谱-质谱仪分析了其挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组份特征,运用PMF、特征比值、后向轨迹模型对其来源进行了研究,并计算了臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势,探讨了其环境影响.结果表明,观测期间,晋城市VOCs平均浓度为93.35μg·m~(-3),其中烷烃类化合物浓度为52.91μg·m~(-3),在VOCs中占比较高为56.68%;PMF分析VOCs排放源有工业排放源、燃烧源、机动车源、溶剂使用源和植物源,贡献率分别为33.71%、30.27%、26.28%、9.00%和0.74%;特征比值法分析中,苯/甲苯和异戊烷/正戊烷比值分别为1.58±0.68和2.07±0.43,介于道路来源与燃煤源之间,为两者混合来源.后向轨迹聚类3个代表性气团均来自西北方向,分别占比50%、25%和25%,西北方向的工业污染可能会对晋城市VOCs造成影响;观测期间,晋城市空气质量指数、总VOCs浓度和机动车源贡献率在风速较小时(3 m·s-1)分别为143、162.48μg·m~(-3)和46.16%,各数值均高于风速较大(3~6.9 m·s-1)时(60、35.72μg·m~(-3)和16.15%);芳香烃类化合物的臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分别为98.89μg·m~(-3)和1.21μg·m~(-3),占总生成潜势的37.28%和97.01%,是两种生成潜势最高的VOCs化合物种类.因此,控制工业、机动车和燃烧排放是控制晋城市环境空气中VOCs污染的主要途径.     

春季东海挥发性有机硫化物(VSCs)分布的研究

于2017年3~4月首次对东海表层海水及大气中3种主要挥发性有机硫化物（VSCs）即羰基硫（COS）、二甲基硫（DMS）、二硫化碳（CS₂）的浓度分布进行观测,研究了海水中3种主要VSCs的相关性,并估算了3种VSCs的海-气通量.结果表明,东海表层海水COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（1.0±0.4）、（6.8±6.8）和（0.6±0.4）nmol/L,总体来看东海表层水中3种VSCs呈现出近岸高、远海低的分布趋势.相关性分析表明DMS与Chl-a存在显著相关性,表明浮游植物生物量是影响东海海水中DMS分布的主要因素;同时DMS与CS₂存在着显著的相关性,表明这2种物质的来源有着一定的共性.大气中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为：（294.7±158.8）、（22.7±18.0）和（108.8±88.1）×10^-12,分布呈现出近岸高,远海低的趋势,主要受到人为活动等陆源输入的影响.此外春季东海COS、DMS和CS₂的海-气通量平均值分别为（4.0±3.4）、（25.8±33.8）和（2.6±2.9）μmol/（m²⋅d）,表明春季东海是大气中3种VSCs重要的源.