南京城区夏季大气VOCs的来源及对SOA的生成研究——以亚青和青奥期间为例

运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年和2014年的8月对南京市区大气中VOCs进行观测,结果表明,VOCs的浓度分别为51.73×10^-9和77.47×10^-9.利用OH消耗速率（L^OH）有效评估VOCs的大气化学反应活性.烯烃和芳香烃是这2年夏季南京市大气VOCs中对L^OH贡献最大的关键活性组分.用FAC法估算南京SOA生成潜势,得到2013和2014年夏季SOA浓度分别为1.95μg/m³和1.01μg/m³;烷烃和芳香烃对SOA的生成潜势分别占4.01%、94.8%和4.46%、94.57%.用PMF模型对南京VOCs进行来源解析,结果表明,2013年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为燃料挥发（22.7%）、其次为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（19.5%）、石油化工业（13.5%）、汽车尾气排放（17.7%）、天然源排放（13.4%）和涂料/溶剂的使用（13.2%）,而2014年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（35.2%）、其次为石油化工业（20.6%）、不完全燃烧（20.5%）、燃料挥发（15.7%）和汽车尾气排放（8.1%）.     

广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究

饮用水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）来源于水源水受到的环境污染或是在净化消毒工艺处理工程中反应产生的副产物,可对人体健康造成极大的危害。改革开放以来,广州人口和经济得到突飞猛进的发展,也带来了包括饮用水安全在内的诸多严重的社会和环境问题。虽然饮用水中VOCs的研究已经得到越来越多的重视,但是目前对广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究还鲜有报道。本文在广州市中心城区选取15个不同位置的采样点进行了自来水水样采集,并利用吹扫-捕集-气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用系统分析技术测定水中 VOCs 的种类和三卤甲烷的质量浓度。结果表明,广州市中心城区的自来水中VOCs有20种,以三卤甲烷（THMs）和芳香烃类为主,占了所检出的物质总量的78%以上。THMs中四种化合物（氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、溴仿）的检出率达100%,总三卤甲烷的平均质量浓度为46.46μg· L-1,最大值为53.31μg· L-1,最小值39.91μg· L-1。根据2006版国家饮用水标准,四种三卤甲烷质量浓度均低于标准限值,符合标准要求。对市面上一般的瓶装水的研究发现,瓶装水中三卤甲烷的质量浓度非常低,总三卤甲烷平均质量浓度仅为1.47μg·L-1,约是自来水中质量浓度的1/30。为了解温度及煮沸对自来水中 THMs 质量浓度的影响,本研究设计了实验进行探究。结果发现加热至沸腾过程中,THMs质量浓度随温度升高而升高,而沸腾后THMs骤降,煮沸5 min可降低水中约95%的THMs,接近瓶装水中THMs质量浓度。     

Microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus as renewable biomass feedstock for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells （MFCs）

Renewable algae biomass, Scenedesmus obliquus, was used as substrate for generating electricity in two chamber microbial fuel cells （MFCs）. From polarization test, maximum power density with pretreated algal biomass was 102mW·m^2 （951mW·m^3） at current generation of 276mA·m^-2. The individual electrode potential as a function of current generation suggested that anodic oxidation process of algae substrate had limitation for high current generation in MFC. Total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） reduction of 74% was obtained when initial TCOD concentration was 534mg · L^-1 for 150 h of operation. The main organic compounds of algae oriented biomass were lactate and acetate, which were mainly used for electricity generation. Other byproducts such as propionate and butyrate were formed at a negligible amount. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy （EIS） analysis pinpointed the charge transfer resistance （112Ω ） of anode electrode, and the exchange current density of anode electrode was 1214 nA·cm^-2.     

Coupling PCSWMM and WASP to Evaluate Green Stormwater Infrastructure Impacts to Storm Sediment Loads in an Urban Watershed

We coupled rainfall–runoff and instream water quality models to evaluate total suspended solids (TSS) in Wissahickon Creek, a mid‐sized urban stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Using stormwater runoff and instream field data, we calibrated the model at a subdaily scale and focused on storm responses. We demonstrate that treating event mean concentrations as a calibration parameter rather than a fixed input can substantially improve model performance. Urban stormwater TSS concentrations vary widely in time and space and are difficult to represent simply. Suspended and deposited sediment pose independent stressors to stream biota and model results suggest that both currently impair stream health in Wissahickon Creek. Retrofitting existing detention basins to prioritize infiltration reduced instream TSS loads by 20%, suggesting that infiltration mitigates sediment more effectively than detention. Infiltrating stormwater from 30% of the watershed reduced instream TSS loads by 47% and cut the frequency of TSS exceeding 100 mg/L by half. Settled loads and the frequency of high TSS values were reduced by a smaller fraction than suspended loads and duration at high TSS values. A widely distributed network of infiltration‐focused projects is an effective stormwater management strategy to mitigate sediment stress. Coupling rainfall–runoff and water quality models is an important way to integrate watershed‐wide impacts and evaluate how management directly affects urban stream health.     

西安市新装修公共场所空气污染物浓度分析及健康风险评价

为了解公共场所室内空气污染现状及健康风险,在2017年12月~2020年7月对西安市区内5类新装修的公共场所（办公室、教室、实验室、银行和医院）进行了空气质量监测及人体健康风险评价.监测的项目包括：甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸正丁酯、乙苯、苯乙烯、正十一烷和总挥发性有机物（TVOC）.结果表明,污染物中甲醛的超标率最高（59.4%）,其次为甲苯、TVOC、苯和二甲苯.在5类公共场所中,医院的污染物超标率最高（46.7%）,主要超标物为甲醛、苯和甲苯.结果表明,甲醛和TVOC浓度与温、湿度呈现良好的正相关.健康风险评价结果表明,不同场所的人群均存在甲醛和苯的致癌风险,且在银行工作的人群存在较高的甲醛致癌风险,在医院工作的人群存在较高的苯致癌风险.本研究对西安市公共场所室内空气污染水平提供了参考,对相关人群健康风险研究具有重要意义.     

淮河流域南四湖可挥发性有机物污染特征及风险评价

通过调查南四湖可挥发性有机物的污染特征并对生态风险和健康风险进行评价,2017年11月在南四湖25个取样点采得水样,利用吹扫捕集和GC-MS对52种VOCs进行检测.乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、1,2-二氯苯和萘检出率达到100%;顺式1,3-二氯丙烯和甲苯的检出率为96%;1,2,4-三甲基苯的检出率最低,仅为12%;1,2-二氯苯平均浓度最高,达到3.49 μg·L^-1,1,2,4-三甲基苯平均浓度最低仅为0.02 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体中1,2-二氯苯浓度总体上高于其他VOCs,间/对-二甲苯和乙苯在NSH-24号点位浓度远超过该点位其他的VOCs,但所有VOCs中值均未超过4 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体VOCs浓度的空间分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中部低的特点.造成南四湖VOCs污染的主要原因可能是航运船只航行过程中排放的尾气,次要原因为上下游支流中VOCs的汇集和人为因素影响.对南四湖的健康风险评价发现,总体上看南四湖并无致癌或非致癌的健康风险,但个别点位的风险值偏高,甚至超过US EPA规定的风险阈值.南四湖有12个点位的生态风险商值超过了1,即存在对水生生物的生态风险.     

厌氧折流板反应器在制药废水处理中的研究

将厌氧折流板反应器控制在酸化水解阶段处理高浓度乙酰螺旋酶素制药废水,经过长时间的运行表明：该反应器结构简单,启动时间短,有效地提高了废水中挥发酸的浓度,缩小了pH值的变化范围,稳定了水质,改善了废水的可生化性．确保了甲烷发酵阶段的长期稳定运行。     

Acid Volatile Sulfides,Equilibrium Partitioning,and Hazardous Waste Site Sediments

/ Information provided by acid volatile sulfide (AVS) andequilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory is described, including two caseexamples, relative to hazardous waste site sediments. AVS and EqP are toolsin the toolbox, which can serve three main functions: screening,prioritization, and assisting in explaining observed effects. They should notbe used in isolation for decision making, particularly at hazardous waste orother sites where the sediments are contaminated by materials such as coal,coke, and pitch.KEY WORDS: Acid volatile sulfides; Equilibrium partitioning; Sediments;Hazardous waste     

RIVER PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS AND RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL1

ABSTRACT: Sediments from the Pompton and Passaic Rivers at Two Bridges were analyzed for potentially available phosphorus fractions and total phosphorus (TP). Water samples from the same sites were analyzed for dissolved phosphorus, TP, suspended solids (SS), and volatile SS. Significant negative correlations between river TP concentrations and flow were observed. However, storm flows resulted in increases in TP and SS concentrations and flux (loadings). Most of the increase in river P loading at high flow was in the dissolved fraction, suggesting that the sediments may be a large source of dissolved P. Concentrations of potentially available P in the sediments ranged from 140 to 1310 times the TP concentration in the overlying water. According to a modified Vollenweider model, current P concentrations in the Pompton and Passaic Rivers will result in excessive P loading in the Wanaque Reservoir if even small volumes of river water are pumped to the reservoir through the recently completed Wanaque South pipeline. Reductions in sewage treatment plant effluent P concentrations alone will not produce sufficient decreases in river phosphorus concentrations to avoid this predicted overloading and eutrophication.     

WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS: IMPACT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION DURING BASE FLOW1

ABSTRACT: Water quality was monitored for 17 months during base flow periods in six agricultural watersheds to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on suspended solids and nutrient concentrations. In areas without riparian vegetation, both instream algal production and seasonal low flows appeared to be major determinants of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus concentrations. Peak levels of all parameters were reached during the summer when flows were reduced and benthic algal production was high. Similar summer peaks were reached in streams receiving major point inputs but peaks occurred downstream from the input. Instream organic production was less important in regulating water quality in areas with riparian vegetation and permanent flows. Concentrations of suspended solids remained relatively constant, while phosphorus and turbidity increased in association with leaf fall in autumn. Intermittent flow conditions in summer increased the importance of instream organic production in controlling water quality, even when riparian vegetation was present. Efforts to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds during base flow should emphasize maintenance of riparian vegetation and stable flow conditions.