天津市PM2.5-O3复合污染特征及来源分析

为了解天津市PM_2.5-O₃复合污染特征及来源,基于2017～2019年高时间分辨率PM_2.5、 O₃和挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线监测数据,对复合污染下天津市VOCs浓度水平、化学组成及O₃和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势来源进行分析.结果表明,2017～2019年,天津市复合污染日为34 d,分布在每年的3～9月,年度变化呈现稳中略升趋势;小时ρ(PM_2.5)在75～85μg·m^-3时,小时ρ（O₃）存在峰值区(301～326μg·m^-3).复合污染下ρ（VOCs）为72.59μg·m^-3,烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃和炔烃质量分数分别为61.51%、 20.38%、 11.54%和6.57%; VOCs中浓度较高的前20种物种的浓度均上升,其中乙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷和异戊烷等烷烃类物种质量分数上升,烯烃和炔烃类质量分数略下降,芳香烃类中的苯和1,2,3-三甲苯质量分数略升....     

牛至挥发油对肠炎常见菌的体外抗菌作用

不同浓度牛至挥发油对常见的致肠炎沙门氏菌属、大肠杆菌属和葡萄球菌属等31株菌的抗菌作用研究结果表明，该挥发油对上述31株菌均有不同程度的杀菌和抑菌作用．     

预浓缩/柱箱制冷GCMS/FID法测定大气中117种挥发性有机物

建立了罐采样、吸附剂辅助电子制冷预浓缩-柱箱制冷GCMS/FID同时测定大气中117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法.样品经填充吸附剂的电子制冷预浓缩系统除水、除CO2、浓缩和热脱附后,采用柱箱制冷及GCMS/FID的多维切割单元,将5种C2-C3组分切到二维色谱柱进行分离并进入FID检测,甲醛及其他111种VOCs组...     

环境因素对土壤含硫气体释放的影响

研究了温度、光照条件两种环境因素对添加不同硫源（胱氨酸、硫酸二乙酯和硫酸钠）土壤含硫气体释放的影响。结果表明,随着培养温度升高,含硫气体释放量增大,而且释放气体种类增多。COS在各种不同处理的土样中均有释放。除添加硫酸二乙酯的土样外,其它各种土样COS释放量与培养温度有很好的相关性,相关系数在0．95以上。添加胱氨酸的土样,含硫气体释放明显高于其它土样,光照条件变化对各种含硫气体释放量影响不大,但在弱光和无光照条件下检出的含硫气体种类较多。     

生物滤塔处理VOCs的挂膜启动方法研究

通过中试规模的生物滤塔的两种填料挂膜方法的试验研究 ,表明填料接种后可以直接装入生物滤塔 ,进行直接通气挂膜 ,该方法符合生物膜在载体表面的固定机理和形成过程 ,可在较短的时间内完成系统启动。本文同时论述了影响挂膜的几个因素     

郑州市环境空气中VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

挥发性有机物（VOCs）不但是引发霾和光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要原因,达到一定浓度时还对人类健康造成威胁.为研究中原地区环境空气中VOCs 污染状况,探查VOCs 对人群健康产生的风险,以中原地区核心城市-郑州为代表,于2012年─2013 年间,在郑州市区内布点,以苏玛罐采样/气相色谱-质谱法分析测定了VOCs 的时空分布,并使用健康风险评价四步法进行健康风险评价.郑州市环境空气中VOCs 年均浓度分布特征：以烷烃和芳香烃为主,分别占总量的23.8%和19.5%;年平均质量浓度,芳香烃类为131 μg·m^-3、烷烃类为118 μg·m^-3,酮类为84.3 μg·m^-3、卤代烷烃类为67.8 μg·m-3;单体化合物以丙酮（66.2 μg·m-3）、乙醇（27.5 μ·m-3）、正十-烷（24.4 μg·m-3）和甲苯（17.2 μg·m-3）质量浓度最高,污染程度在国内居于中等水平.VOCs 季均浓度分布特征：夏季高于冬季,但各类化合物在两季的浓度差异较大.VOCs 日均浓度变化特征：烷烃类和芳烃类化合物于10：00 出现浓度峰值,浓度变化趋势与交通量变化具有相关性.健康风险评价结果为：非致癌风险大于1,会对人群健康造成-定的非致癌危害;苯、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯的致癌指数超过EPA 致癌风险值,但未超出OSHA 致癌风险.     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

鹫峰国家森林公园大气中VOCs的组成与特点

采用TCT-GC/MS方法对鹫峰国家森林公园大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成进行分析,共检测到175种挥发性有机化合物,主要成分包括烷烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、酸类、醛类、酮类和萜烯类等七类,平均相对含量分别为48.11%,15.67%,17.28%,3.13%,3.17%,1.36%和1.45%;活动区中检测到的挥发性有机化合物种类最多,缓冲区次之,非活动区最少,这与每个区中人类活动的频率相一致.同时分析了大气中的VOCs的时空分布特点.     

预浓缩系统-全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析环境空气中挥发性有机物

采用SummA罐采集样品,自动进样器进样,三级冷阱预浓缩样品,全二维气相色谱／飞行时间质谱法（GC×GC／TOFMS）测试分析,以较长的非极性柱Rxi-5MS（60m×320μm×1．0μm）作为第一维柱,较短的中等极性柱DB-17MS（2．0×0．1mm×0．1μm）作为第二维柱,对环境空气中的VOC成分进行了定性定量分析。通过考察方法的线性范围、精密度、加标回收率、检出限与《空气和废气监测分析方法》（四版）给出的两个方法比较,证实该方法特性不仅满足方法学要求,而且能够更加准确快速监测环境空气中VOC。     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.