Biogenic volatile organic compound analyses by PTR-TOF-MS: Calibration,humidity effect and reduced electric field dependency

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) emitted by plants after stress or damage induction are a major part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) is a high-resolution and sensitive technique for in situ GLV analyses, while its performance is dramatically influenced by humidity, electric field, etc. In this study the influence of gas humidity and the effect of reduced field (E/N) were examined in addition to measuring calibration curves for the GLVs. Calibration curves measured for seven of the GLVs in dry air were linear, with sensitivities ranging from 5 to 10 ncps/ppbv (normalized counts per second/parts per billion by volume). The sensitivities for most GLV analyses were found to increase by between 20% and 35% when the humidity of the sample gas was raised from 0% to 70% relative humidity (RH) at 21°C, with the exception of (E)-2-hexenol. Product ion branching ratios were also affected by humidity, with the relative abundance of the protonated molecular ions and higher mass fragment ions increasing with humidity. The effect of reduced field (E/N) on the fragmentation of GLVs was examined in the drift tube of the PTR-TOF-MS. The structurally similar GLVs are acutely susceptible to fragmentation following ionization and the fragmentation patterns are highly dependent on E/N. Overall the measured fragmentation patterns contain sufficient information to permit at least partial separation and identification of the isomeric GLVs by looking at differences in their fragmentation patterns at high and low E/N.     

成都市新都区城市主干道挥发性有机物分布特征研究

选择新都区的部分城市主干道两侧大气中VOCs(挥发性有机物)含量进行检测,了解新都区城区空气质量,分析车流量、降水、温度等条件对不同道路类型(相对宽阔型、高层峡谷型、交叉口道路)两侧空气中VOCs浓度的影响.车流量是影响VOCs浓度偏高的主要原因,一天不同时段的浓度变化呈双峰型,高浓度出现在早晨和傍晚.大气降水会使VOCs浓度降低,温度对其影响不大,温度的骤降通常伴随降水,使VOCs浓度下降,不同道路类型其下降的幅度存在差异,相对开阔型下降幅度最大.夏季,不同道路类型两侧空气中VOCs浓度的趋势相似,浓度差异大;在冬季三种道路类型两侧空气中VOCs浓度的趋势相同,浓度差异小.     

包装印刷行业挥发性有机物控制技术评估与筛选

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是造成我国城市大气污染的主要因素之一,包括包装印刷行业活动等在内的工业源是VOCs污染的重要来源.工业源的治理技术众多,如何选择合适的治理技术是面临的主要问题.本文在包装印刷行业VOCs排放特点及现有治理技术的研究基础上,针对包装印刷行业中典型的复合膜干复工艺VOCs排放与治理,以层次分析法为模型,构建该行业VOCs控制技术评估体系,对包装印刷行业现有治理技术进行综合评估,筛选出最佳可行控制技术,为包装印刷行业VOCs减排控制提供了技术支持.结果表明,包括吸附回收和热力焚烧在内的7种技术,其技术优先顺序为:碳纤维吸脱附>颗粒炭吸脱附>直接燃烧>蓄热燃烧>催化燃烧>转轮浓缩燃烧>活性炭浓缩燃烧,其中碳纤维吸脱附技术综合评估权重较高,为最优控制技术.     

典型染整企业定型机废气排放特征及潜在环境危害浅析

为探究纺织染整定型过程中产生挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及潜在环境危害.通过选取浙江省5家典型印染企业为监测对象,分析定型机废气中12种VOCs(如苯系物、甲醛、甲醇等)的实际排放情况,以此为基础初步估算全省定型机废气VOCs的排放量;并通过臭氧产生潜力分析初步评估其对环境产生危害.结果表明,定型机废气中VOCs浓度虽低,但含有1类致癌物苯和甲醛,且最高检出浓度可分别达到1.53 mg·m-3和15.4 mg·m-3,可能产生较为严重的环境和人体健康危害;浙江全省每年由定型机排放的VOCs量介于200.9~2 239.37 t,并且以甲醛为主,约占总量的50%;排放的VOCs可产生臭氧量介于860.4~16 715.5 t之间,年均值为7 729.6 t,主要源于废气中二甲苯、甲醛和甲苯这3种物质,合计可占总量的90%以上.另外,通过简单的估算,行业集聚区绍兴县定型机排放的VOCs产生的O3能够对环境空气质量产生较大的影响,最小贡献率为3.1%.     

饮用水中挥发酚测定条件的探讨研究

酚类化合物是一种具有毒性的物质,水中挥发酚的含量直接影响人类健康,因此测定饮用水中挥发酚含量至关重要。4-氨基安替吡啉三氯甲烷萃取分光光度法是饮用水中测定挥发酚的主要方法。本文针对此方法进行了改进,从样品预处理、显色剂的纯度、显色时间、振荡时间等因素进行了探讨,结果为改进方法测定挥发酚时在0~0.04 mg/L范围内具有较好的线性关系、回收率为92.5%~109.4%、标准偏差为1.3%~3.9%之间。     

工业源挥发性有机化合物减排与控制的研究

当前,中国是亚洲地区甚至是全球最大的工业产品制造和消费国家,这就不可避免地导致挥发性有机化合物排放量大幅度上升,但是挥发性有机化合物对人类、动植物以及区域大气环境质量有很大的负面影响,现就以未来最大的工业源挥发性有机化合物为核心,对其减排和控制技术进行分析和探讨,并得出如下结论:对VOCs污染应该积极展开调查和监测;从制定工业VOCs排放标准及打标技术防止新的污染蔓延;发展先进的VOCs污染控制技术来着手治理现状。     

吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度评定研究

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论,对吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度进行了评定,以水中氯仿为例进行分析,通过对测量重复性、使用注射器、标准曲线拟合等影响测量结果的不确定度分量的分析和量化,求得水中挥发性有机物测定结果的相对合成标准不确定度。目的是建立吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度评定方法,以评定测量结果的质量。该不确定度评定方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值。     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

鄱阳湖浮游植物时空变化特征及影响因素分析

在5月、9月、11月对鄱阳湖浮游植物开展野外调查,分析鄱阳湖浮游植物的时空分布特征及原因.结果表明:在群落结构上,鄱阳湖浮游植物样品中共发现8门107属,其中绿藻门54属,占浮游植物总数的50%.3次调查平均生物量最高的为硅藻门(蓝藻门藻细胞密度最高),生物量为0.29 mg·L-1,占浮游植物总生物量的28%,是鄱阳湖的优势藻门;其次分别为隐藻门、甲藻门和绿藻门,分别占26%、21%和17%.空间分布上,南部湖区浮游植物生物量最高,中部区次之,北部湖口水道区最低;时间分布上,5月份浮游植物生物量最高,11月份最低.温度、悬浮物和透明度是影响藻类时空分布的主要影响因素.鄱阳湖总体水动力较好,水华暴发总体风险小,但中部和南部水动力弱的湖区,藻量高,仍有水华风险.