珠江虎门河口表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的重金属同步提取

测定了珠江虎门河口16个站位的表层沉积物样品中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)Cu、Co、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Ba和V的含量。结果表明,AVS的浓度范围为0.13～31.68μmol/g,平均值为8.54μmol/g;SEM的浓度范围为0.37～5.54μ/g,平均值为1.84μ/g。采用SEM/AVS比值评价方法和SEM-AVS差值评价方法预测沉积物中重金属的生物有效性,结果表明,除P3、P13、P16、P19、P20的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物可能具有中等毒性水平外,其余站点的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物无不良影响。     

北京地区城乡结合部大气挥发性有机物污染及来源分析

采用低温固体吸附采样,热脱附-气相色谱-质谱方法对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了观测分析,对城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物含量水平、时空变化、来源等进行了研究.所有样品共检测出挥发性有机物265种,挥发性有机污染物的平均浓度为431.7μg·m-3,苯系物和烷烃是本地区大气环境中含量最为丰富的挥发性有机物,浓度分别为248.1μg·m-3和130.5μg·m-3,烯烃11.7μg·m-3,卤代烃22.4μg·m-3,含氧化合物18.6μg·m-3,所占比例分别为57.0%、30.0%、3.0%、6.0%和4.0%;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等是含量较高的物质;有机污染物在交通早、晚高峰时期出现较高浓度水平,VOCs浓度冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;源分析表明空气中挥发性有机物的主要来源有机动车尾气,油气挥发排放,黏结剂和溶剂利用以及植被排放等,贡献率分别为53.4%、20.1%、11.0%和5.93%.     

深圳市显著排放VOCs的园林植物调查与分析

对深圳地区的主要园林树种、地带性植被的代表种共计158种植物释放的生物源的挥发性有机物（biogenic volatileorganic compounds,BVOCs）采用流动式、封闭式采样法采样,运至美国进行GC-MS分析测量.结果表明,短穗鱼尾葵（Caryotamitis）、海红豆（Adenanthera pavonina var.microsperma）、杧果（Mangifera indica）、海漆（Excoecoria agalloch）等31种植物具有释放异戊二烯的能力;另有鸡蛋果（Passiflora edulis）、小琴丝竹（Bambusa glaucescens cv.silverstripe）、山苍子（Litsea cubeba）、大型双子铁（Dioon spinulosum）等52种植物具有释放单萜烯类化合物的能力.对红树植物的测量表明,该类植物普遍具有释放单萜烯的能力.上述结果为建立深圳及周边地区的环境质量模型提供了重要数据,同时也可为我国热带亚热带城市大面积绿化以及经济林、生态林和防护林等的树种选择提供参考.     

固体浓度对污染底泥中重金属生物沥浸去除效果的影响

采用序批式摇床,研究了固体浓度为3%~13%的底泥浓度对生物沥浸法去除污染底泥中重金属(Zn、Cu和Cr)的影响.结果表明,随着固体浓度增加,底泥pH值下降和ORP上升速率减缓,重金属的沥浸去除速率相应降低;沥浸过程中,当底泥pH值由5.0降至2.0,ORP由200 mV升至520 mV时,重金属的去除率增加最为迅速;不同浓度的处理,沥浸12 d,Zn、Cu和Cr的去除率分别为60%~85%、65%~100%和17%~35%.试验发现,底泥沥浸中pH值随时间的变化符合Boltzmann方程,此方程可估算底泥酸化进程.连续提取法对脱毒(沥浸)底泥中残留Zn、Cu和Cr的形态分级显示,底泥中未沥浸去除的重金属绝大部分以残渣态存在,环境风险较低.从经济角度考虑,固体浓度10%在底泥沥浸的实际应用中较为合适.     

煤的工业分析中挥发分测定方法的探讨与改进

针对现有国家标准方法中煤的挥发分测定操作繁琐,特别是含水量较高的煤样测定结果偏差较大的问题,通过试验提出实用有效的改进方法,简化了操作程序,提高了测试结果的准确性。     

东海近岸沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的分布研究

研究了东海近岸沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)的水平分布和垂直分布.由于该区域水深较浅、水的垂直交换带来的氧的补充,表层沉积物中AVS的含量较低,大部分站位低于检出限.而对于AVS的垂直分布,其含量范围为0～5.82 μmol/g.不同站位检出AVS的深度不同,这主要是由有机质含量和沉积物的孔隙度控制的,高有机质含量和低孔隙度将有利于AVS的生成.从可检测到AVS的层次以深,AVS含量基本随深度增加,呈现出较稳定的沉积状态.通过与不同沉积环境的AVS的测定结果进行比较发现,不同沉积环境下AVS的含量存在一定差异,研究区域AVS的含量与珠江口附近沉积物相近.     

In situ adsorption-catalysis system for the removal of o-xylene over an activated carbon supported Pd catalyst

An activated carbon (AC) supported Pd catalyst was used to develop a highly efficient in situ adsorption-catalysis system for the removal of low concentrations of o-xylene. In this study, three kinds of Pd/AC catalysts were prepared and tested to investigate the synergistic efficiency between adsorption and catalysis for o-xylene removal. The Pd/AC catalyst was first used as an adsorbent to concentrate dilute o-xylene at low temperature. After saturated adsorption, the adsorbed o-xylene was oxidized to CO2 and H2O by raising the temperature of the catalyst bed. The results showed that more than 99% of the adsorbed o-xylene was completely oxidized to CO2 over a 5% Pd/AC catalyst at 140℃. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) were applied to investigate the physical properties of o-xylene adsorption-desorption and the in situ adsorption-catalysis activity of the AC support and Pd/AC catalyst. A synergistic relationship between the AC support and the active Pd species for the removal of low concentrations of o-xylene was established.     

Transformation of organic matters in fresh leachate during anaerobic degradation under long hydraulic retention time

This study investigated the biodegradability of fresh leachate from a young municipal solid waste landfill at the inoculum to substrate ratios (V/V) of 10/100, 25/100, 50/100 and 100/100, as well as the transformation of organic matters in leachate under prolonged hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d. Fresh leachate showed a good biodegradability, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal e ciency as high as 87%–92% and cumulative methane yield close to theoretical value (0.35 L CH4/g CODdeg). Methane production and COD depletion presented biphasic characteristics associated with the successive utilization of two major intermediates, acetate and propionate. The biphasic degradation of fresh leachate was resulted from the di erent hydrolysis rates of diverse substrates and the changes in microorganism community structure. After 50 d, the e uents were dominated by high-MW organic compounds (MW > 10 kDa) at each inoculum ratio, which might be refractory compounds released from cell lyses.     

吸附-电催化氧化降解非水溶性有机废气

在水溶液电解质中,以活性炭纤维(ACF)为电极,采用微孔曝气方式,吸附-电催化氧化两步联动降解非水溶性气态VOCs。以苯为研究对象,正交实验和单因素分析实验结合,正交实验确立最佳实验条件为:鼓气速率80L/h、苯/乙醇(体积)=30/150、电压10V、电解质浓度2g/L;最佳实验条件下,气相中苯的去除率为93.3%。单因素分析实验考虑了鼓气速率、苯浓度、电解电压、电解质浓度等因素的变化对去除率的影响。     

挥发酚测定过程中的质量控制

对4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定水中挥发酚过程中容易忽视和不易掌握的环节,进行理论分析,结合实际操作阐明对该环节如何进行控制,以提高挥发酚分析的灵敏度和准确度。