Does the preferential microbial colonisation of ferromagnesian minerals affect mineral weathering in soil?

Fungal activity is thought to play a direct and effective role in the breakdown and dissolution of primary minerals and in the synthesis of clay minerals in soil environments, with important consequences for plant growth and ecosystem functioning. We have studied primary mineral weathering in volcanic soils developed on trachydacite in southern Tuscany using a combination of qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and microbiological techniques. Specifically, we characterized the weathering and microbiological colonization of the magnetically separated ferromagnesian minerals (biotite and orthopyroxene) and non-ferromagnesian constituents (K-feldspar and volcanic glass) of the coarse sand fraction (250-1,000 microm). Our results show that in the basal horizons of the soils, the ferromagnesian minerals are much more intensively colonized by microorganisms than K-feldspar and glass, but that the composition of the microbial communities living on the two mineral fractions is similar. Moreover, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscope observations show that although the ferromagnesian minerals are preferentially associated with an embryonic form of the clay mineral halloysite, they are still relatively fresh. We interpret our results as indicating that in this instance microbial activity, and particularly fungal activity, has not been an effective agent of mineral weathering, that the association with clay minerals is indirect, and that fungal weathering of primary minerals may not be as important a source of plant nutrients as previously claimed.     

What is the maximum potential for CO2 sequestration by “stimulated” weathering on the global scale?

Natural chemical weathering of silicate rocks is a significant sink for soil and atmospheric CO₂. Previous work suggested that natural chemical weathering may be stimulated by applying finely ground silicate rocks to agricultural areas or forests [stimulated weathering (SW)]. However, it remained unknown if this technique is practical to sequester globally significant amounts of CO₂ under realistic conditions. Applying first estimates of “normal treatment” amounts from a literature review, we report here a theoretical global maximum potential of 65 10⁶ t sequestered C a⁻¹ if SW would be applied homogenously on all agricultural and forested areas of the world. This is equivalent to 0.9% of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions (reference period 2000–2005). First, however, the assumed application of SW on most of the considered areas is not economically feasible because of logistic issues, and second the net-CO₂ sequestration is expected to amount to only a fraction of consumed CO₂ due to the energy demand of the application itself (currently ~11%). Unless progress in application procedures is provided, the recent realistic maximum net-CO₂-consumption potential is expected to be much smaller than 0.1% of anthropogenic emissions, and the SW would thus not be one of the key techniques to reduce atmospheric CO₂ concentration. However, literature suggests that for some agricultural areas (croplands) and specifically for rice production areas in humid climates, this SW may be a feasible tool to support international efforts to sequester CO₂. SW may be cost effective for those areas if linked to the CO₂-emission certificate trade in the future, and increases in crop production are taken into account.     

河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究现状与问题

文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。     

碳酸盐岩风化残积层红黏土的边坡稳定性

根据工程实例,分析了碳酸盐岩残积层红黏土风化壳的特征及红黏土的工程地质性质,并探讨了红黏土边坡的稳定性问题.     

典型大气环境玻璃钢天线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺老化行为研究

通过南海海洋大气环境、海南万宁湿热乡村大气环境、西藏拉萨高原大气环境户外大气暴露对玻璃钢基灭线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺进行了老化试验，运用光泽、颜色、粉化率、SEM等手段测试了涂层在户外大气暴露的性能变化和表面形貌，并进行对比分析。结果表明，在相同大气环境中，工艺玻璃钢板／雷达罩底漆／浅灰航天聚氨酯涂层耐候性能优于工艺玻璃钢板／环氧聚酰胺／弹性聚氨酯磁漆涂层的耐侯性能；对于同种工艺，西沙海洋大气环境对其耐侯性的影响最大，其次是万宁湿热乡村环境，拉萨高原环境影响较小；光照、温度、湿度是涂层老化的主要原因。     

耐候ABS材料研究

通过自然气候老化和紫外老化试验UV-B,研究了ABS塑料外观颜色、力学性能在老化实验过程中的变化.试验结果表明:光稳定剂的加入,ABS耐候性能提高,相较未加光稳定剂ABS体系,AE值下降,冲击保持率提高,受阻胺光稳定剂A和紫外光吸收剂B、C并用有协同作用,光屏蔽剂的使用可以提高耐候性,从而降低成本.此外我们讨论了自然气...     

湿热、亚湿热地区气候环境条件对高分子材料的影响

通过高分子材料在广州、海南地区三年大气自然环境曝露试验与人工加速试验对比，探索该类地区气候环境条件对高分子材料老化的规律性的影响。     

巢湖地区不同风化程度岩石岩源磷赋存形态研究

对巢湖地区6组不同风化程度的岩石进行磷素形态连续提取,这6组岩石包括殷坑组、龙潭组、灯影组青灰段、灯影组紫褐段、孤峰组及双山组的微风化、弱风化和强风化岩石,研究岩源磷磷素在风化作用下的转化规律.结果表明,随风化过程进行,6组岩石中总磷含量均降低,其中多数组别岩石中易溶性和弱吸附性磷(Ex-P)、铝结合磷(Al-P)、闭蓄态磷(De-P)、自生和生物磷灰石碳酸钙结合磷(Ca-P)和碎屑磷灰石及其他无机磷(Oc-P)呈下降趋势,而铁结合磷(Fe-P)及有机磷(Or-P)则呈上升趋势;大部分岩石磷素的主要赋存形态是碎屑磷灰石及其他无机磷;对比6组岩石磷素赋存形态分布、含量及相应的pH值可知,岩石的酸碱度对磷素的赋存形态影响较大.巢湖地区富磷岩层在风化过程中的磷素释放潜力大,因而岩石的风化作用是巢湖流域水体富营养化的重要因素之一.     

A Critical Appraisal of Field Evidence From A Regional Survey for Acid Deposition Effects On Scottish Moorland Podzols

Samples have been collected from major horizons of 34 podzol profiles distributed throughout Scotland, all developed from granite or granitic tills and under Calluna moorland. the pH in water and calcium chloride pastes, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity, and extractable aluminium of the soils collected have been measured, and the results studied in relation to reported atmospheric deposition of H⁺, non-marine sulphur and nitrate. for all horizons, significant positive correlations were found between soil pH and rainfall mean pH, as might be expected when the critical load of H⁺ deposition is exceeded. Acidifying pollutant deposition also apparently increased soil extractable aluminium concentrations in the B and C horizons. However, exchangeable base cation concentrations tended to increase, rather than decrease, with increasing precipitation acidity. This effect was attributed to increases in biogeochemical cycling of base cations, increases in leaching inputs of base cations from overlying A/E horizon soils, and increases in the inputs of base cations leached from upslope. the results suggest that the simple steady state mass approach to the quantification of critical loads, as often applied, may be an oversimplification.     

长江中下游典型下蜀土剖面成分对比研究

根据长江中下游三个下蜀土剖面94个样品主要组分元素化学成分的分析结果,结合西北洛川黄土数据资料进行了下蜀土剖面主要元素成分含量和风化程度的分析对比。结果表明不同下蜀土剖面在主要组分含量上差异不明显,但在易淋溶元素含量和经历的化学风化程度方面存在一定差异。