航空工业工艺废气污染调查及评价

通过对航空工业４４个具有代表性的企事业单位工艺废气的重点调查、分析和评价，找出目前我国航空工业工艺废气中主要污染物及主要污染大户，为我国航空工业的污染防治指明了方向     

面向配额分配模拟的工业行业碳排放绩效——以郑州市为例

开展工业行业碳排放绩效研究,对于落实碳减排承诺、完善碳交易体制、推动低碳产业发展具有重要意义。采用郑州市2013年181家工业企业的基础数据,通过构建碳排放综合绩效指标体系和配额分配模型,开展不同行业的综合绩效评价和配额分配模拟。主要结论如下:(1)不同行业的碳排放强度分布极不均衡且与碳排放总量具有一定的关联性,但关联类型不尽相同。电力、热力生产和供应业的碳排放强度最高(5.4115 t/万元),烟草制品业的碳排放强度最低(0.0046 t/万元)。(2)不同行业单位用地碳排放量、单位劳动力碳排放量差异较大。电力、热力生产和供应业的单位用地碳排放及单位劳动力碳排放明显高于其他行业。(3)碳排放综合绩效表明,电力、热力生产和供应业的碳排放绩效最低,汽车制造业的碳排放绩效最高。(4)不同行业因综合绩效的差异获得与基准年碳排放不同增减比例的配额,其中,电力、热力生产和供应业获得的配额最多,化学纤维制造业获得的配额最少。通过碳配额分配模拟,郑州市整体减排18.206万t,减排比例为5.56%。(5)建议完善行业配额分配方案,并试点实施以碳排放综合绩效评价为基础的行业配额分配,实现资源节约、环境保护和碳减排的协同。     

The contribution of the paper cycle to global warming

Worldwide, paper production is a major industry that contributes about 3 percent of Gross World Product. The paper cycle involves a broad range of natural resource and environmental impacts because fiber supply relies on trees, paper manufacturing requires fuel inputs, and paper waste disposal can contribute to emissions of the potent greenhouse gas (GHG), methane (CH₄). In some countries, the paper cycle may be seen as a net sink for GHG because of reliance on renewable wood by-products and the maintenance of forest plantations. On a worldwide basis, however, this study demonstrates that the paper cycle is a significant contributor to GHG emissions, adding emissions at least comparable in magnitude to that of Australia each year. The estimated global warming contribution of paper in landfills is estimated to be similar to that of paper manufacturing processes, on a heating-equivalent basis. In some temperate regions, original old-growth forests are still harvested to supply pulpwood, resulting in a significant loss of carbon (C) storage. In theory, the paper cycle holds the promise of achieving zero net emissions if pulpwood production, consumption and disposal are carefully managed. In practice, even stabilization of emissions at current levels would be challenging and entail changes comparable to a 20 percent reduction in CH₄ generation from landfilled paper, and a 2.5 percent annual increase in plantation establishment would be needed to offset the projected increase in emissions from paper manufacturing.     

环境产业金融支持的框架构建分析

现阶段我国环境产业面临严峻的资本形成不足、发展资金短缺的困境，对产业发展形成严重制约。环境产业金融支持理应成为推进我国环境产业和经济可持续发展的战略性机制和基本途径。文章从环境产业资本形成、投资效率，金融运行三个角度进行了分析，梳理了环境产业发展进程中金融支持的内生逻辑，为环境产业金融支持的框架构建提供了理论依据。     

复杂岩溶矿床延深水平涌水量的预测

随着岩溶矿床的延深开采,矿坑涌水量的计算成为防治水害首先要解决的难题。文章创造性地采用国外广泛采用的岩溶水衰减动态分析法,选择了我国南方复杂岩溶含水层中有代表性的重庆市红岩煤矿,将丛林采区茅口组岩溶水动力单元和该单元南大巷(标高+370 m)的茅口灰岩岩溶含水层的主要排水点-1号突水点作为研究对象,建立了该单元岩溶含水层的计算模型-衰减动态(流量和水位)方程,求出了岩溶水动力单元水均衡、地下水储量计算和矿坑涌水量预测的水文地质参数:a、T、K、S、μ、Ie,建立了该单元岩溶裂隙-管道水的水均衡方程, 根据连续观察一个水文年以上的丰富地下水动态资料,预测了红岩煤矿370 m标高以下的延伸开采水平(295- 370 m)矿坑涌水量。     

汞行业污染物排放标准制定初探

阐述了制定汞行业污染物排放标准的重要意义,提出了制定汞行业污染物排放标准应遵循的基本原则和应考虑的因素,拟制了编制该标准的框架及程序。     

化学污泥中铝盐混凝剂的回用

在自来水厂和污水处理厂中 ,铝盐作为混凝剂已得到了广泛的应用。在絮凝过程中所产生的化学污泥不仅体积大 ,而且还含有大量的铝盐 ,若不加以回用处理 ,会对环境产生不良影响。对几种铝盐污泥的回用方法进行了阐述 ,以便进一步探索综合利用含铝盐化学污泥的有效途径。     

影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的因素探讨

随着化学工业的迅速发展,化学品的产量和品种大幅增加,危险化学品生产企业各类事故频发,严重阻碍了化学工业的发展.为此,国家制定了一系列的法律法规,以期遏制恶性事故的发生.安全评价作为预防事故的重要手段,现已广泛应用于各个行业,危险化学品生产企业也不例外.但是,随着安全评价工作的开展,也暴露出与安全评价有关的一些问题.本文简要介绍了我国危险化学品生产企业的安全现状,详细分析了影响危险化学品生产企业安全评价有效性的各种因素,并提出了相应的对策措施.     

Anthropogenic Calcium Particles Observed in Beijing and Qingdao, China

Analysis of individual particles collected at Beijing in northern China revealed that particles abundant in calcium (Ca) always constituted a large fraction of mineral particles in the urban atmosphere. The particles were characterized by cubic morphologies. The major mineral element in the particles was Ca and few or no other mineral elements were detected. A large number of the particles were in the range of diameter <1 μm, where common natural mineral particles were rarely detected. The contribution of the Ca particles to the volume of total mineral particles greatly exceeded that of other mineral particles during non-dust-storm periods and was comparable to that during dust-storm periods. Reagent film tests showed that particulate sulfate and nitrate formation on the Ca particles was similar to that on common mineral particles. These results indicate that a large portion of Ca in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing was from anthropogenic sources rather than from natural sources, and the anthropogenic Ca particles acted as a significant medium for the formation of sulfate and nitrate. Similar particles were also detected at Qingdao, a coastal city in northern China. Data of a dust storm event showed that Ca-abundant particles from East China arrived there and moved out of the continent, similarly to Asian dust storm particles, suggesting possible contributions of anthropogenic Ca even in Asian dust storm samples in the downstream areas. Therefore, Ca may not be a good indicator of Asian dust from natural sources. However, the Ca particles, due to their unique shapes and elemental compositions, may provide an indicator for the atmospheric dispersion of anthropogenic particulate matters in East Asia.     

奥地利的环境保护

奥地利环境保护行政管理分联邦和州两级,联邦政府主管政策制定、法规起草、编制规划等,具体执法管理工作由州环保局负责.为了减少事务性工作,强化环境保护行政管理和执法,成立了联邦环保局,为制定联邦环保政策和环保执法提供专业支持,履行环境监督职能.完善的法规、活跃的环保社团、广泛的群众参与是奥地利环境保护处于世界领先地位的基础和保证.