介质阻挡放电常压分解苯、二甲苯

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)来分解常压下流动态气体中的苯、二甲苯废气.通过改变极间电压、气体浓度、外加气体,研究苯、二甲苯的降解.在7200～8000V极间电压下,浓度为6000mg/m³、流量为1000mL/min的含苯空气,苯的降解率达90%,主要分解产物为CO₂、CO和H₂O;浓度为700mg/m³、流量为1000mL/min的含二甲苯空气,二甲苯的降解率高达100%,产物也主要为CO、CO₂和H₂O.研究结果表明该方法处理流动态的气体效果优于处理静态气体,用该方法可以去除大气中的苯和二甲苯.     

Recovery of Acidified Streams in Forests Treated by Total Catchment Liming

Reduced emissions of acidifying pollutants have changed the acidification process, and as a result, forest soils and surface waters are slowly recovering in Sweden. However, model calculations show that some areas may never recover completely unless further measures, such as liming, are undertaken. Liming of surface waters (lakes, rivers and wetlands) has been successfully practised in Sweden since the 1970s, but repeated treatments are necessary. A full recovery of acidified lakes and streams without frequent liming is however not possible until soil acidification is reversed in the most strongly affected areas. In this study, the recovery of acidified streams was examined using ‘the total catchment approach’ i.e. treatment of both recharge and discharge areas. The aim was to compare the quantitative effect of different treatments on run off chemistry and the recovery of brown trout. Catchments in southwest Sweden were treated with a combination of 2 tons of wood ash and 4, 6 or 12 tons of crushed limestone per hectare in 1998/1999. Treatment of both recharge and discharge areas resulted in fast and significant changes in stream water quality, e.g. increased concentrations of calcium, higher pH and ANC and a decreased concentration of inorganic aluminium. The initial changes were dependent on the distribution of the applied lime between discharge and recharge areas rather than the average dose on the total catchment. Treatment of recharge areas only, resulted in smaller but still significant effects on calcium, pH and ANC in stream water. Furthermore, there was an initial leaching of nitrate but it was only minor compared with the elevated leaching that occurs after a clear-cut. As a result of the treatments, brown trout is now successfully reproducing. Olle Westling (deceased).     

ESTIMATING STREAMFLOW AND ASSOCIATED HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY,THE MID‐ATLANTIC REGION,USA1

ABSTRACT: Methods to estimate streamflow and channel hydraulic geometry were developed for unpaged streams in the Mid‐Atlantic Region. Observed mean annual streamflow and associated hydraulic geometry data from 75 gaging stations in the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of the Mid‐Atlantic Region were used to develop a set of power functions that relate streamflow to drainage area and hydraulic geometry to streamflow. For all three physiographic provinces, drainage area explained 95 to 98 percent of the variance in mean annual streamflow. Relationships between mean annual streamflow and water surface width and mean flow depth had coefficients of determination that ranged from R²= 0.55 to R²= 0.91, but the coefficient of determination between mean flow velocity and mean annual streamflow was lower (R²= 0.44 to R²= 0.54). The advantages of using the regional regression models to estimate streamflow over a conceptual model or a water balance model are its ease of application and reduced input data needs. The prediction of the regression equations were tested with data collected as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). In addition, equations to transfer streamflow from gaged to ungaged streams are presented.     

SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS1

ABSTRACT: A number of aspects of the discharging of non-oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerations.     

《海洋环境保护法》对排污收费制度的改革

长期以来,我国对排污或超标排污实行征收排污费制度。九届人大常委会第13次会议修订通过的《海洋环境保护法》对此进行了改革。本文对此进行了深入分析。     

稠油废水COD处理工艺研究

通过对多种絮凝剂的试验研究,筛选出UP-11混凝剂,在其投加量为2.4 mL/L时,油与COD去除效果最佳。同时在此基础上采用膜SBR法对絮凝出水做进一步处理,当运行条件为:进水0.5h、曝气4h、沉淀1h、排水0.5h时,出水完全达到国家规定的污水排放标准。     

确定电解铝厂卫生防护距离方法研究

针对GB/T 13201-91推荐的企业卫生防护距离计算公式未能体现电解铝厂厂房构造和平面布置的特点,导致计算结果与实际监测数据出入较大,给新建项目选址和现有企业的环境管理带来一些困难等问题.从电解铝厂无组织排放源的特征和推荐公式计算误差的问题入手,根据电解铝厂厂房的实际配置和结构,充分考虑诸多条件下卫生防护距离的计算,并比较了各种方法的计算结果,确定了更符合实际卫生防护距离的方法,从而在一定程度上解决了因GB/T 13201-91给定的公式计算结果偏大给电解铝厂的选址带来的困难.      

论排污许可证制度对点源排放控制政策的整合

中国水污染防治政策很多,包括环境影响评价、"三同时"、排污收费等,但各项政策基本是分散和独立执行的,没有核心和基础的政策,不成体系,缺乏效率。基于排污许可证作为政府的执法文件的角度,论证了将分散的点源排放控制政策围绕排污许可证整合为系统的排放控制政策体系。中国已具备实施排污许可证制度的基础条件,以排污许可证制度为基础的政策整合对现有点源排放控制政策进行了修改、补充和改进,将其整合为一个系统的点源排放控制政策体系,使各级管理部门可以各司其职,协调合作;协调整合不同类型的政策手段,使命令控制、经济激励和劝说鼓励3类手段相互补充,进一步提高政策执行效率,降低政策执行成本,提高排放控制政策效果、效率,降低执法和守法成本。     

湿壁介质阻挡放电强化浮石载羟基氧化铁降解水中避蚊胺

以避蚊胺(DEET)为模型污染物,研究了湿壁介质阻挡放电(DBD)协同浮石载羟基氧化铁去除污染物的可行性.采用浸渍法制备了浮石载羟基氧化铁复合材料,并对其进行了SEM、XRF、XRD、FT-IR和BET表征.同时研究了放电电压、初始pH、催化剂投加量等参数对DEET的去除率的影响.结果表明:在DEET初始浓度为20mg...     

纳米零价铁改性氨基生物炭的制备及对Cd (Ⅱ)的吸附和解吸特性

通过化学负载方法成功制得纳米零价铁改性氨基生物炭复合材料（ABC/NZVI）,对其进行表征和研究了其对重金属Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附和解吸特性。结果表明,改性后,ABC/NZVI具有氨基官能团并且表面负载了纳米零价铁,比表面积为244 m2·g-1,在水溶液中稳定悬浮的平均粒径是845 nm。ABC/NZVI对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附大约在457 min内即可达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学可用伪二级动力学模型较好地拟合（R2≥0.990）;对Cd（Ⅱ）表现出优良的吸附性能,饱和吸附容量为12.4 mg·g-1,吸附/解吸等温线均呈现出明显的非线性,可用Langmuir模型较好地拟合（R2≥0.960）,而且出现明显的解吸滞后现象,滞后系数（HI）为0.536。因此,ABC/NZVI对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附可能为单分子层的化学吸附,主要的吸附机理可能涉及配合和沉淀两种作用。