生物酶催化技术应用于卡拉胶废水处理工程

卡拉胶废水成分复杂,含有难生化降解的有机污染物种类多,且浓度高,碱性大,含盐量高,按现有的处理工艺,很难达到排放标准。本文以福建省石狮市中科海藻制品发展有限公司卡拉胶废水处理工程为例,阐述了生物酶催化技术在卡拉胶废水处理中的应用。通过在生化系统建立酶体系,利用生物酶催化作用,提高废水中难降解有机物的可生化性与可处理性,从而使出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)规定的一级排放标准。     

Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea1

Collentine, Dennis and Holger Johnsson, 2011. Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 24‐31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00596.x Abstract: Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. In one of the signatory countries, Sweden, regulatory authorities have concluded that new measures will be needed to meet national reduction targets. This article evaluates the effect of one possible new measure for reducing nitrogen loads, introducing mandatory discharge permits for crop cultivation as one component of a proposed discharge permit system. Using the framework of the proposed system, expected net load reductions and permit prices are calculated for three crop permit scenarios in a catchment in Southern Sweden. In addition, gross leaching is calculated for a larger region to study the potential for reducing net loads. The article concludes that while permitting reduces loading, achieving reduction targets will require additional measures beyond the scenarios studied.     

Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State1

Mulvihill, Christiane I. and Barry P. Baldigo, 2012. Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 449-463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00623.x Abstract: This study analyzes how various data stratification schemes can be used to optimize the accuracy and utility of regional hydraulic geometry (HG) models of bankfull discharge, width, depth, and cross-sectional area for streams in New York. Topographic surveys and discharge records from 281 cross sections at 82 gaging stations with drainage areas of 0.52-396 square miles were used to create log-log regressions of region-based relations between bankfull HG metrics and drainage area. The success with which regional models distinguished unique bankfull discharge and HG patterns was assessed by comparing each regional model to those for all other regions and a pooled statewide model. Gages were also stratified (grouped) by mean annual runoff (MAR), Rosgen stream type, and water-surface slope to test if these models were better predictors of HG to drainage area relations. Bankfull discharge models for Regions 4 and 7 were outside the 95% confidence interval bands of the statewide model, and bankfull width, depth, and cross-sectional area models for Region 3 differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of other regions. This study found that statewide relations between drainage area and HG were strongest when data were stratified by hydrologic region, but that co-variable models could yield more accurate HG estimates in some local regional curve applications.     

气相沿面放电—活性炭纤维吸附联合降解双酚A废水研究

利用气相沿面放电—活性炭纤维(ACF)吸附(简称放电—吸附)联合处理含双酚A(BPA)废水,探讨了联合处理对BPA的降解效果,并通过处理过程中O3利用率变化以及处理前后ACF的表观状态变化分析了反应的作用机制。结果表明,放电—吸附联合处理相比单独放电和单独ACF吸附能显著提高BPA的降解率;在一定范围内,加大放电电压能提高放电—吸附联合处理的BPA降解效果,但放电电压超过一定值后,放电产生的O3量进一步增多,对ACF表面的结构破坏作用增加,反而导致BPA的降解效果降低,本研究较佳的放电电压为8.5kV;扫描电镜分析结果表明,经放电—吸附联合处理后,ACF表面出现大量的孔道,提高了表面的BPA富集浓度,同时也增加反应的活性位点;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,联合处理后ACF表面的C—O、C=C、O—H等官能团都有所减少,可能是联合处理过程中O3等活性物质与ACF表面的这些还原性官能团发生了反应,诱导O3分解出了更多的自由基,从而促进了BPA的降解。     

加药量和水力搅拌速度对雨水混凝效果的影响

为降低分流制雨水中悬浮颗粒物及其他污染物浓度,减轻城市景观河道的水体富营养化程度,对取自泵站的雨水进行混凝沉淀工艺优化实验。以PAC为混凝剂,采用Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪和iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程进行监测,考察了混凝剂投加量和水力搅拌速度对絮体形成和分流制雨水处理效果的影响,结果表明,混凝剂投加量和混合水力搅拌速度直接影响絮体Zeta电位和聚沉特性;混合搅拌速度控制混凝反应速率,絮凝速度梯度影响絮体形成粒径。FI曲线特征参数对控制混凝工艺具有指导意义。PAC投加量为35 mg/L,混合阶段搅拌速度800 r/min,搅拌30 s,絮凝阶段采用150、108和60 r/min的转速各自搅拌5 min,沉后水中剩余颗粒总数最少,浊度、COD和总磷去除效果最佳。     

高频脉冲介质阻挡放电去除水中17β-雌二醇

实验采用高频脉冲介质阻挡放电工艺处理水体中的17β-雌二醇（E2）。结果表明,该工艺可以有效地降解水中的E2,E2的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型。当体系脉冲峰-峰电压为24kV,初始浓度为100μg／L的E2在超纯水中的降解一级反应速率常数为0．1314min^-1。E2的降解速率常数随脉冲峰-峰电压的增大而升高,随E2初始浓度和溶液初始pH增加而降低,溶液初始电导率对E2的降解影响不大。     

国内外造纸行业水污染排放标准比较研究

中国是造纸大国,制浆造纸在中国属于重污染行业。2008年国家发布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》对整个行业可能排放的污染物提出了要求。本文通过将该标准与国外造纸行业相关的水污染物排放标准进行比较研究,找出我国标准与国外的差别,并为完善我国造纸行业水污染物排放标准提出建议。     

Impact of pH buffer capacity of sediment on dechlorination of atrazine using zero valent iron

This research investigated the role of the pH buffer capacity of sediment on the dechlorination of atrazine using zero valent iron (ZVI). The buffer capacity of the sediment was quantified by batch experiments and estimated to be 5.0 cmol OH^? · pH^?1. The sediments were spiked with atrazine at 7.25-36.23 mg kg^?1 (6.21 × 10^?7–3.09 × 10^?6 mol atrazine · g^?1 sediment) for the batch experiments. The buffer capacity of the sediment maintained the sediment suspension at neutral pH, thereby enabling continuous dechlorination until the buffer capacity of the sediment was depleted. The pseudo-first order dechlorination constants were estimated to be in the range of 1.19 × 10^?2?7.04 × 10^?2 d^?1 for the atrazine-spiked sediments.     

Pulsed discharge plasma induced Fenton-like reactions for the enhancement of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water

To sufficiently utilize chemically active species and enhance the degradation rate and removal efficiency of toxic and biorefractory organic pollutant para-chlorophenol (para-CP), the introductions of iron metal ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into either pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) process or the PDP process with TiO₂ photo-catalyst were tentatively performed. The experimental results showed that under the same experimental condition, the degradation rate and removal efficiency of para-CP were greatly enhanced by the introduction of iron ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into the PDP process. Moreover, when iron ions and TiO₂ were added together in the PDP process, the degradation rate and removal energy of para-CP further improved. The possible mechanism was discussed that the obvious promoting effects were attributed to ferrous ions via plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by UV light irradiation excited and hydrogen peroxide formed in pulsed electrical discharge, resulting in a larger amount of hydroxyl radicals produced from the residual hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the regeneration of ferric ions to ferrous ions facilitates the progress of plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by photo-catalytic reduction of UV light, photo-catalytic reduction on TiO₂ surface and electron transfer of quinone intermediates, i.e. 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone.     

湛江东海岛地下水入海排泄量估算及其影响研究

在分析广东省湛江市东海岛的区域水文地质特征及地下水开发利用特点的基础上,构建了地下水入海排泄量估算模型,以估算地下水入海排泄量和携带入海的营养盐量。结果表明,估算得到的2009年东海岛地下水入海排泄总量为133.8×104m3,其中携带入海的营养盐总量为5 157.98kg,地下水的携带入海成为近岸海域陆域营养盐入海排泄的主要途径;研究区位于沿海地带的砂堤砂地潜水分布区以及位于海岸地带的湛江组浅部潜水—微承压水含水层分布区等局部地段,存在地下水入海排泄量的低值区,可能存在海水入侵风险。