臭氧发生器研究进展

由于臭氧在水处理中具有广阔的应用前景,故臭氧发生器的研制一直是人们关注的重大研究课题,并介绍了国内外臭氧发生器在电极结构、介质材料等方面的研究进展.     

脉冲电晕法脱硫脱硝研究概述

本文概述了脉冲电晕脱硫脱硝研究所得的重要成果，着重总结了国内外有关电晕特性、反应机理、电源与反应器系统研究所得的重要结论。最后对该技术的前景作一展望。     

微波辅助光催化降解氯酚类污染物的研究

研究了溶液中4-氯酚(4CP)、2-氯酚(2CP)、4-氯-3-甲基酚(4C3MP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)的微波辅助光催化降解(MW/PCO).结果表明,6种氯酚(CPs)光降解速率与分子中Cl原子取代的数目、位置等分子结构性质有关,单氯酚比多取代氯酚易光解.MW/PCO降解4CP的主要中间产物为苯酚、氯苯、对苯醌、对苯二酚等,降解PCP的主要中间产物为2,3,5,6-四氯对苯醌、2,3,4,6-四氯对苯二酚、四氯酚.CPs降解的机制是紫外光降解和羟基自由基 (·OH)亲电子加成脱氯过程.     

乡镇工业印染行业的排污系数

本文通过广泛的实地调查和监测,研究了我国乡镇工业印染行业生产与污染物排放。提出了棉印染、毛印染、针织印染、化纤、毛巾、袜子等各类印染的排污系数。为全国乡镇工业污染源调查提供一种简便、易操作、准确的统计办法。     

初论地表粗糙度

粗糙度是流体力学引进的一个重要参数,是现代地球表面各种物质流运动研究中不可或缺的一个重要概念。它在定床流动中曾获得巨大的成功,但在动床及所谓零位移较大的粗糙面上,表现出其局限性。文章在系统阐述了空气动力学意义上粗糙度概念的由来及其物理意义;在总结某些学科领域中粗糙度的应用成果基础上,发现对于定床,地表粗糙具有地表阻力系数特性,它比地表物体群落平均高度小一个量级;而对于动床,粗糙度则更具有阻力系数的特性,它与超出临界摩阻之值成正比;至于植被地表的粗糙度则近似于定床,但它要从零平面位移高度算起。因此,地表粗糙度概念的进一步完善应从地表阻力系数和实验研究入手,并加强自然界和室内实验室的观测和实验以获得相应系数的变化规律,最终解决粗糙度本身和流体力学相关的理论和实践问题。     

我国工业污染源产排污核算系数法发展历程及研究进展

污染源排放量及其变化趋势是重要的环境管理基础信息,是国家和地方准确预判生态环境形势、高效开展生态环境管理决策和实施产业结构优化调整等的重要依据.工业污染源产排污系数作为我国工业源污染物排放量核算的主要方法之一,过去30年来为工业领域污染减排和环境监管等提供了重要支撑.本文综述了国内外产排污系数研究和应用现状,梳理了我国3次较大规模的产排污系数制修订历程,并从制定方法、覆盖度、核算方法等多个维度进行了比对分析.结果表明:随着对工业生产认识的不断深入以及环境保护要求的不断变化,我国3次制修订的产排污系数也在同步变化和升级,在产排污系数的覆盖度、适用性等方面不断提升.对工业污染源产排污系数现状及其存在问题的分析结果表明,我国产排污系数广泛应用于环境管理制度与技术支撑、节能减排与产业结构调整以及环境科学相关研究等方面,为上述工作提供了重要的支撑.但由于我国产排污系数仍存在缺乏动态更新机制等原因,导致其时效性不足,适用性有待持续提升,亟需将系数制定的方法标准化,制定过程中的定量化方法也有待进一步拓展研究.针对上述问题提出如下建议:研究提出工业污染源产排污系数后评估方法,有计划开展系数后评估;建立工业污染源产排污系数标准体系框架,实现核算体系标准化;完善工业污染源产排污系数核算技术体系,开展系数的动态更新;加强工业污染源产排污系数在环境管理中的应用研究,为排污许可、环境统计、污染源普查等多套工业污染源数据统一和融合提供基础.      

Cu(II)和Pb(II)在NaA分子筛膜@Fe0固定床上的去除动力学

以不锈钢纤维烧结毡为载体,采用二次生长和液相还原法合成了一种新型的微纤复合NaA分子筛膜@Fe⁰复合材料,考察了其对Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）混合溶液的去除动力学.首先,采用二次生长法在不锈钢纤维烧结毡上合成NaA分子筛膜,然后以七水硫酸亚铁、硼氢化钠和微纤复合NaA分子筛膜为原料,利用液相还原法制备微纤复合NaA分子筛膜@Fe⁰复合材料,并采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱进行分析表征.然后,考察了连续固定床反应器中pH值、入口浓度和床层高度对Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）去除效果的影响,并采用Bohart-Adams和Yoon-Nelson模型进行拟合分析.结果表明,纳米零价铁被均匀负载于分子筛膜表面,经过固定床动力学实验后,铜和铅附着在复合材料上;随着pH增加或入口浓度降低,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）的透过时间均延长,随着床层高度从0.45 cm增加到0.65 cm,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）透过时间略有增加,继续增加床层高度到0.90 cm,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）透过时间显著延长,当床层高度为0.90 cm时,70 min时Cu（Ⅱ）透过浓度达到入口浓度的4.3%,200 min时Pb（Ⅱ）透过浓度仅为入口浓度的5.6%.Bohart-Adams模型适合描述透过曲线的初始部分（C/C₀<0.5）,Yoon-Nelson模型更适合拟合长床柱中Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）的连续去除.     

Reduced graphene oxide-nano zero value iron (rGO-nZVI) micro-electrolysis accelerating Cr(VI) removal in aquifer

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) assembled on graphene oxide (GO) (rGO-nZVI) composites were synthesized by reduction of GO and ferrous ions with potassium borohydride, for use in Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The results showed that the two-dimensional structure of GO could provide a skeleton support for Fe⁰, thus overcoming the bottleneck of aggregation for nZVI. Also, rGO-nZVI would form a ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis system in Cr(VI)-contaminated aquifers, enhancing and accelerating electron transfer, exhibiting high rate and capacity for Cr(VI) removal. The optimum dosage of the applied rGO-nZVI was linearly correlated with the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Characterization of rGO-nZVI before and after reaction with Cr(VI) revealed the process of Cr(VI) removal: rGO-nZVI firstly transferred electrons from Fe⁰ cores via their Fe(II)/Fe(III) shells to the GO sheet; there, negatively charged Cr(VI) received electrons and changed into positively charged Cr(III), which was adsorbed by the negatively charged GO sheet, avoiding the capping and passivating of nZVI. rGO-nZVI formed a good electrically conductive network, and thus had long-term electron releasing properties, which was important for groundwater remediation.     

Production of ammonia from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition

Effects of carrier gas composition(N_2/air) on NH_3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH_3 production and byproducts formation from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al_2 O_3-packed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O_2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH_3. The final yield of NH_3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23 kV, respectively when air was used as the carrier gas instead of N_2.From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, air carrier gas is better than N_2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of plasma and Al_2 O_3 catalyst to give NH_3 and CO_2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N_2 O formed with N_2 as the carrier gas, however,more byproducts including N_2O and NO_2 in the gas phase and NH_4 NO_3 in solid deposits were produced with air as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH_3, the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in air-DBD plasma.     

生物质废物热解过程中气相产物的生成及等离子体重整研究

针对松木屑的热解以及产物的等离子体重整进行研究。热解温度分别为400,500,600,700,800℃时,在加热30 min的条件下,主要气体产物是H2、CO、CH4和CO2,热解气的总生成量的摩尔分数由46.11%(400℃)增至80.12%(800℃)。介质阻挡放电等离子体重整结果显示,随着放电功率的增加,CH4和CO2的转化率以及H2/CO的摩尔比都呈现增长趋势,控制等离子体重整条件有助于获得高品位能源。