浙江省废水排放增长的EKC曲线特征分析

选取浙江省1985~2004年经济和废水排放数据,通过分析经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立浙江省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果表明:浙江省废水排放与人均GDP的演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,1985~2004期间处于曲线的上升阶段。浙江省废水排放总量的EKC曲线理论转折点为人均GDP约34 305元,相应的废水排放总量峰值为35亿t,预测转折点出现的时间为2007年左右。工业废水排放量正处于EKC曲线的转折点附近,而生活废水排放量目前正处于EKC曲线加速上升的阶段,转折点出现的时间为2007年左右,对应的生活废水排放量的峰值为15亿t,是2004年生活废水排放量(11.6亿t)的1.3倍,形势非常严峻,应该引起重视。因此,十一五期间,浙江省尤其要注重对生活废水排放的控制和治理,并且保持较高的治理投入。     

皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征

通过对安徽南部宣城地区梅村小流域的定位监测,研究了该小流域地表径流中氮磷输出特征。结果表明:氮输出以NO-3N为主,占氮素输出总量的60%,磷输出以悬浮颗粒结合态磷(PAP)为主,占磷输出总量的92%;各类形态氮素输出量间存在极显著线性正相关关系;PAP随悬浮颗粒输出量的增加而增加,PAP与水溶性磷(DP)输出量间存在着极显著的对数关系;氮磷输出具有明显的季节性变化规律,夏季输出量最大,其次是春季,再次是秋季,冬季最少,这是由降雨量的季节性变化所引起的。而且暴雨对氮磷输出的贡献率极大,因此控制雨季土壤侵蚀是有效控制氮磷通过径流输出的最重要方式。     

Spatiotemporal Variability in Water Sources Controls Chemical and Physical Properties of a Semi‐arid Urban River System

We conducted synoptic surveys over three seasons in one year to evaluate the variability in water sources and geochemistry of an urban river with complex water infrastructure in the state of Utah. Using stable isotopes of river water (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) within a Bayesian mixing model framework and a separate hydrologic mass balance approach, we quantified both the proportional inputs and magnitude of discharge associated with “natural” (lake, groundwater, and tributary inputs) and “engineered” (effluent and canal inflows) sources. The relative importance of these major contributors to streamflow varied both spatially and seasonally. Spatiotemporal patterns of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and orthophosphate indicated seasonal shifts in dominant sources of river water played an important role in determining water quality. We show although urban rivers are clearly influenced by novel water sources created by water infrastructure, they continue to reflect the imprint of “natural” water sources, including diffuse groundwater. Resource managers thus may need to account for the quantity of both surface waters and also historically overlooked groundwater inputs to address water quality concerns in urban rivers.     

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.     

城市污水处理厂出水中的药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)是近年来受到环境界普遍关注、具有潜在生态风险的新型有机微污染物.城市污水处理厂(STPs)出水排放是PPCPs向环境迁移最重要的途径,而控制PPCPs随STPs出水排放则是控制PPCPs环境影响的关键.本文分类综述了抗生素、消炎止痛药物、精神类药物、β受体拮抗剂、环境雌激素、调血脂药物、合成麝香、其它类等PPCPs的药理与功能、分类、应用现状和生态毒性,重点总结了1998～2012年间全球STPs出水中频繁检出的典型PPCPs及其最高浓度,为开展STPs排放控制研究提供依据.最后,展望了本领域的未来研究方向与发展趋势.     

液体零排放技术在工业水处理领域的应用

介绍了最新的、已实现工业应用的液体零排放技术,概括了该技术的常规系统组成,描述了液体零排放技术的预处理、热处理、最终废弃物处理以及高效反渗透预浓缩的液体零排放技术的特点,总结了该技术在电力、炼油及石化、煤化工和采油等工业水处理领域的应用,指出了该技术存在的问题,展望了该技术的发展前景。     

柳林泉域岩溶地下水区域演化规律及控制因素

柳林泉是山西省著名的十大岩溶大泉之一,丰富的岩溶地下水资源对吕梁地区经济社会发展具有支撑作用,开展岩溶地下水化学演化规律及控制因素研究对于流域水资源可持续利用意义重大.本研究对补给区、径流区、排泄区、深埋区的29个岩溶地下水主要离子组分进行测试分析.结果表明,水温、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)质量浓度从补给区、到径流区、到排泄区、再到深埋区,随着径流途径增加不断升高. K~+、Na~+、Cl~-主要来源于盐岩的溶解;而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的溶解.受控于盐岩、石膏的不断溶解,Na~+、C~l-和SO_4~(2-)质量浓度增加幅度大,最大值分别为最小值的50、80和32倍;受去白云化作用的影响,Ca~(2+)、HCO3-质量浓度变化不大,最大值仅为最小值的2～3倍.在补给区、径流区,Na~+、Cl~-质量浓度较低,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-为主要阴阳子,但在排泄区和深埋区,Cl~-、Na~+明显超过了HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),成为最主要的阴阳离子;水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca·Mg型转化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na·Mg型,最终演变为Cl·HCO_3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO_3-Na型和Cl-Na·Ca型.     

Three decades of changes in water environment of a large freshwater Lake and its relationship with socio-economic indicators

Tai Lake (Ch: Taihu) has attracted international attention forcyanobacteria blooms. However, the drivers of cultural eutrophication, especially long-term socio-economic indicators have been little researched. The results of research demonstrate how socio-economic development affected quality of water and how it has been improved by anthropogenic activities. This study described variability in indicators of water quality in Tai Lakeand investigated thedrivers. Significant relationships existed between concentrations of annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), and population, per capital gross domestic production (GDP) and sewage discharge (p?<?0.05). However, mechanisms causing change varied among TN, TP, COD and BOD. Before 2000, the main contributors to increases in concentrations of TN were human population, GDP and volumes of domestic sewage discharges. After 2000, discharges of industrial sewage become the primary contributor. After 1998, the regressions of annual mean TN, TP and COD on per capital GDP, population and domestic sewage discharge were reversed compared to the former period. Since 1999, an apparent inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental pollution and economic development has developed, which indicated that actions taken by governments have markedly improved quality of water in Tai Lake. The statistical relationship between BOD and per capital GDP didn’t conform to the Kuznet curve. The U-shaped Kuznet curve may offer hope for the future that with significant environmental investments a high GDP can be reached and maintained without degradation of the environment, especially through appropriate management of industrial sewage discharge.     

环胶州湾污水处理厂排放口溶解有机氮生物可利用潜力研究

溶解有机氮(DON)是陆源输入近海总溶解氮(TDN)的重要组成部分,其生物可利用性对探讨近海氮污染和富营养化形成机制具有重要意义.本研究根据2012年7月、2012年11月、2013年3月和2013年5月在胶州湾海域4个污水处理厂进行的4次调查,分析了直排胶州湾污水处理厂水体中总溶解氮(TDN)及其中总溶解氨基酸(TDAA)的含量和季节分布特征,并以溶解有机碳n(DOC)/溶解有机氮n(DON)和氨基酸的构成和丰度为指标,评价了直排胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口DON的生物可利用性.结果表明,TDN的变化范围为413.10~3 580.65μmol·L~(-1),并基本呈现3月和11月高,5月和7月低的变化趋势,其中,DON在TDN中所占摩尔分数变化范围为2.14%~88.75%.各污水处理厂排放口不同季节DOC/DON值较低,介于0.2~26.2 mol·mol~(-1)之间,平均值为(5.05±6.39)mol·mol~(-1),而TDAA中所含碳在DOC中的摩尔分数即TDAA/DOC值较高,分布在0.33%~3.02%之间,平均值为1.54%±0.78%,基于TDAA/DOC估算排入胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口污水中具有生物可利用溶解有机质所占摩尔分数为0.44%~46.97%.上述结果表明,直排胶州湾污水处理厂排放口DON具有较高的生物可利用性,对该海域富营养化贡献不容忽视.     

城市路面径流重金属排放规律及初期效应研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环太白立交高架段设置路面径流采样点,采用降雨-产流-产污同步观测的试验方法,对2014年7月—2015年8月的6场降雨径流事件进行采样,监测径流过程中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd的浓度变化,并研究其污染排放规律及初期冲刷效应。结果表明:路面径流污染排放规律与降雨特征及污染物赋存状态密切相关,溶解态重金属浓度均在径流初期达到峰值;颗粒态重金属浓度峰值出现时间略滞后于雨强峰值;重金属总量初期冲刷程度的强弱和溶解态重金属的差异较大,重金属总量初期冲刷程度越强,溶解态重金属反而越弱。